Through investigating the combined impact of the environmental exposures experienced by an individual throughout their lifetime, exposome research provides opportunities to understand and mitigate negative health outcomes. While current exposome research is driven by epidemiological studies that identify associations between exposures and effects, new frameworks integrating more substantial population-level metadata, including electronic health and administrative records, will shed further light on characterizing environmental exposure risks. Molecular biology offers methods and concepts to study the biological and health impacts of exposomes in experimental and computational systems. Of particular importance is the growing use of omics readouts in epidemiological and clinical studies. This paper calls for the adoption of mechanistic molecular biology approaches in exposome research as an essential step in understanding the genotype and exposure interactions underlying human phenotypes. A series of recommendations are presented to make the necessary and appropriate steps to move from exposure association to causation, with a huge potential to inform precision medicine and population health. This includes establishing hypothesis-driven laboratory testing within the exposome field, supported by appropriate methods to read across from model systems research to human.

Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiología y Salud Pública Av Monforte de Lemos 3 5 Pebellón 11 Planta 0 28029 Madrid Spain

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public Health Imperial College London SW7 2AZ U K

Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology University of Vienna 1090 Vienna Austria

European Commission DG Research and Innovation Sq Frère Orban 8 1000 Bruxelles Belgium

European Molecular Biology Laboratory and European Bioinformatics Institute Wellcome Trust Genome Campus Hinxton CB10 1SD U K

Institute for Global Health Doctor Aiguader 88 08003 Barcelona Spain

Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences Division of Environmental Epidemiology Utrecht University Heidelberglaan 8 3584 CS Utrecht The Netherlands

Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine University of Luxembourg 6 avenue du Swing L 4367 Belvaux Luxembourg

National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9 3721 MA Bilthoven The Netherlands

Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Blegdamsvej 3B 2200 København Denmark

RECETOX Faculty of Science Masaryk University Kotlarska 2 Brno 60200 Czech Republic

Research Unit of Population Health University of Oulu P O Box 8000 FI 90014 Oulu Finland

Univ Paris Est Creteil INSERM IMRB F 94010 Creteil France

Universitat Pompeu Fabra Carrer de la Mercè 12 Ciutat Vella 08002 Barcelona Spain

Université Paris Cité Inserm unit 1124 Paris France

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Wild C. P. Complementing the Genome with an “Exposome”: The Outstanding Challenge of Environmental Exposure Measurement in Molecular Epidemiology. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention 2005, 14, 1847–1850. 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0456. PubMed DOI

Price E. J.; Vitale C. M.; Miller G. W.; David A.; Barouki R.; Audouze K.; Walker D. I.; Antignac J.-P.; Coumoul X.; Bessonneau V.; Klá Nová J. Merging the Exposome into an Integrated Framework for “‘omics’” Sciences. iScience 2022, 25, 103976.10.1016/j.isci.2022.103976. PubMed DOI PMC

Miller G. W.; Jones D. P. The Nature of Nurture: Refining the Definition of the Exposome. Toxicol. Sci. 2014, 137 (1), 1–2. 10.1093/toxsci/kft251. PubMed DOI PMC

Peters A.; Nawrot T. S.; Baccarelli A. A. Hallmarks of Environmental Insults. Cell. 2021, 184, 1455–1468. 10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.043. PubMed DOI PMC

Maitre L.; Bustamante M.; Hernández-Ferrer C.; Thiel D.; Lau C. H. E.; Siskos A. P.; Vives-Usano M.; Ruiz-Arenas C.; Pelegrí-Sisó D.; Robinson O.; Mason D.; Wright J.; Cadiou S.; Slama R.; Heude B.; Casas M.; Sunyer J.; Papadopoulou E. Z.; Gutzkow K. B.; Andrusaityte S.; Grazuleviciene R.; Vafeiadi M.; Chatzi L.; Sakhi A. K.; Thomsen C.; Tamayo I.; Nieuwenhuijsen M.; Urquiza J.; Borràs E.; Sabidó E.; Quintela I.; Carracedo Á.; Estivill X.; Coen M.; González J. R.; Keun H. C.; Vrijheid M. Multi-Omics Signatures of the Human Early Life Exposome. Nat. Commun. 2022, 13 (1), 7024.10.1038/s41467-022-34422-2. PubMed DOI PMC

World Health Organization . The European Health Report 2021; World Health Organisation: 2021.

European Commission . Research and Innovation to Address the Impact of Environmental Factors on Health. ;Publications Office of the European Union: 2022.

Vermeulen R.; Schymanski E. L.; Barabási A. L.; Miller G. W. The Exposome and Health: Where Chemistry Meets Biology. Science (1979) 2020, 367 (6476), 392–396. 10.1126/science.aay3164. PubMed DOI PMC

Vermeulen R. Invited Perspective: Inroads to Biology-Informed Exposomics. Environ. Health Perspect 2022, 130 (11), 1.10.1289/EHP12224. PubMed DOI PMC

Zhang P.; Chen P. L.; Li Z. H.; Zhang A.; Zhang X. R.; Zhang Y. J.; Liu D.; Mao C. Association of Smoking and Polygenic Risk with the Incidence of Lung Cancer: A Prospective Cohort Study. British Journal of Cancer 2022 126:11 2022, 126 (11), 1637–1646. 10.1038/s41416-022-01736-3. PubMed DOI PMC

Zhang P.; Carlsten C.; Chaleckis R.; Hanhineva K.; Huang M.; Isobe T.; Koistinen V. M.; Meister I.; Papazian S.; Sdougkou K.; Xie H.; Martin J. W.; Rappaport S. M.; Tsugawa H.; Walker D. I.; Woodruff T. J.; Wright R. O.; Wheelock C. E. Defining the Scope of Exposome Studies and Research Needs from a Multidisciplinary Perspective. Environmental Science and Technology Letters 2021, 8, 839–852. 10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00648. PubMed DOI PMC

Ohanyan H.; Portengen L.; Kaplani O.; Huss A.; Hoek G.; Beulens J. W. J.; Lakerveld J.; Vermeulen R. Associations between the Urban Exposome and Type 2 Diabetes: Results from Penalised Regression by Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator and Random Forest Models. Environ. Int. 2022, 170, 107592.10.1016/j.envint.2022.107592. PubMed DOI

Brun-Usan M.; Zimm R.; Uller T. Beyond Genotype-Phenotype Maps: Toward a Phenotype-Centered Perspective on Evolution. BioEssays 2022, 44 (9), 2100225.10.1002/bies.202100225. PubMed DOI

Xue B. K.; Sartori P.; Leibler S. Environment-to-Phenotype Mapping and Adaptation Strategies in Varying Environments. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2019, 116 (28), 13847–13855. 10.1073/pnas.1903232116. PubMed DOI PMC

Gudi-Mindermann H.; White M.; Roczen J.; Riedel N.; Dreger S.; Bolte G. Integrating the Social Environment with an Equity Perspective into the Exposome Paradigm: A New Conceptual Framework of the Social Exposome. Environ. Res. 2023, 233, 116485.10.1016/j.envres.2023.116485. PubMed DOI

Tarazona S.; Arzalluz-Luque A.; Conesa A. Undisclosed, Unmet and Neglected Challenges in Multi-Omics Studies. Nature Computational Science 2021, 1, 395–402. 10.1038/s43588-021-00086-z. PubMed DOI

Adrian-Kalchhauser I.; Sultan S. E.; Shama L. N. S.; Spence-Jones H.; Tiso S.; Keller Valsecchi C. I.; Weissing F. J. Understanding “Non-Genetic” Inheritance: Insights from Molecular-Evolutionary Crosstalk. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 2020, 35, 1078–1089. 10.1016/j.tree.2020.08.011. PubMed DOI

Macartney E. L.; Drobniak S. M.; Nakagawa S.; Lagisz M. Non-Genetic Inheritance of Environmental Exposures: A Protocol for a Map of Systematic Reviews with Bibliometric Analysis. Environ. Evid 2021, 10 (1), 31.10.1186/s13750-021-00245-9. PubMed DOI PMC

Hanson M. A.; Poston L.; Gluckman P. D. DOHaD - The Challenge of Translating the Science to Policy. Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 2019, 10, 263–267. 10.1017/S2040174419000205. PubMed DOI

Vineis P.; Barouki R. The Exposome as the Science of Social-to-Biological Transitions. Environ. Int. 2022, 165, 107312.10.1016/j.envint.2022.107312. PubMed DOI

Phelan J. C.; Link B. G.; Tehranifar P. Social Conditions as Fundamental Causes of Health Inequalities: Theory, Evidence, and Policy Implications. J. Health Soc. Behav 2010, 51, S28–S40. 10.1177/0022146510383498. PubMed DOI

Forde A. T.; Crookes D. M.; Suglia S. F.; Demmer R. T. Weathering Hypothesis as an Explanation for Racial Disparities in Health: A Systematic Review 2019, 33, 1.10.1016/j.annepidem.2019.02.011. PubMed DOI PMC

ADR UK . ADR UK Annual Report; 2021.

Aurich D.; Miles O.; Schymanski E. L. Historical Exposomics and High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Exposome 2021, 1, 1.10.1093/exposome/osab007. DOI

Linkov I.; Loney D.; Cormier S.; Satterstrom F. K.; Bridges T. Weight-of-Evidence Evaluation in Environmental Assessment: Review of Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Science of The Total Environment 2009, 407 (19), 5199–5205. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.05.004. PubMed DOI

Wu Y.; Hoffman F. O.; Apostoaei A. I.; Kwon D.; Thomas B. A.; Glass R.; Zablotska L. B. Methods to Account for Uncertainties in Exposure Assessment in Studies of Environmental Exposures. Environ. Health 2019, 18 (1), 1–15. 10.1186/s12940-019-0468-4. PubMed DOI PMC

O’Cathain A.; Murphy E.; Nicholl J. Three Techniques for Integrating Data in Mixed Methods Studies. BMJ. 2010, 341, c4587.10.1136/BMJ.C4587. PubMed DOI

Ding Y.; Hou K.; Xu Z.; Pimplaskar A.; Petter E.; Boulier K.; Privé F.; Vilhjálmsson B. J.; Olde Loohuis L. M.; Pasaniuc B. Polygenic Scoring Accuracy Varies across the Genetic Ancestry Continuum. Nature 2023, 618 (7966), 774–781. 10.1038/s41586-023-06079-4. PubMed DOI PMC

Patel A. P.; Wang M.; Ruan Y.; Koyama S.; Clarke S. L.; Yang X.; Tcheandjieu C.; Agrawal S.; Fahed A. C.; Ellinor P. T.; Tsao P. S.; Sun Y. V.; Cho K.; Wilson P. W. F.; Assimes T. L.; van Heel D. A.; Butterworth A. S.; Aragam K. G.; Natarajan P.; Khera A. V. A Multi-Ancestry Polygenic Risk Score Improves Risk Prediction for Coronary Artery Disease. Nature Medicine 2023 29:7 2023, 29 (7), 1793–1803. 10.1038/s41591-023-02429-x. PubMed DOI PMC

Castagné R.; Ménard S.; Delpierre C. The Epigenome as a Biological Candidate to Incorporate the Social Environment over the Life Course and Generations. Epigenomics 2023, 15 (1), 5–10. 10.2217/epi-2022-0457. PubMed DOI

Barouki R.; Melén E.; Herceg Z.; Beckers J.; Chen J.; Karagas M.; Puga A.; Xia Y.; Chadwick L.; Yan W.; Audouze K.; Slama R.; Heindel J.; Grandjean P.; Kawamoto T.; Nohara K. Epigenetics as a Mechanism Linking Developmental Exposures to Long-Term Toxicity. Environ. Int. 2018, 114, 77–86. 10.1016/j.envint.2018.02.014. PubMed DOI PMC

McCrory C.; Fiorito G.; Ni Cheallaigh C.; Polidoro S.; Karisola P.; Alenius H.; Layte R.; Seeman T.; Vineis P.; Kenny R. A. How Does Socio-Economic Position (SEP) Get Biologically Embedded? A Comparison of Allostatic Load and the Epigenetic Clock(s). Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019, 104, 64–73. 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.02.018. PubMed DOI

Chadeau-Hyam M.; Bodinier B.; Vermeulen R.; Karimi M.; Zuber V.; Castagné R.; Elliott J.; Muller D.; Petrovic D.; Whitaker M.; Stringhini S.; Tzoulaki I.; Kivimäki M.; Vineis P.; Elliott P.; Kelly-Irving M.; Delpierre C. Education, Biological Ageing, All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality and Morbidity: UK Biobank Cohort Study. EClinicalMedicine 2020, 29–30, 100658.10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100658. PubMed DOI PMC

Fiorito G.; McCrory C.; Robinson O.; Carmeli C.; Rosales C. O.; Zhang Y.; Colicino E.; Dugue P.-A.; Artaud F.; McKay G. J; Jeong A.; Mishra P. P; Nøst T. H; Krogh V.; Panico S.; Sacerdote C.; Tumino R.; Palli D.; Matullo G.; Guarrera S.; Gandini M.; Bochud M.; Dermitzakis E.; Muka T.; Schwartz J.; Vokonas P. S; Just A.; Hodge A. M; Giles G. G; Southey M. C; Hurme M. A; Young I.; McKnight A. J.; Kunze S.; Waldenberger M.; Peters A.; Schwettmann L.; Lund E.; Baccarelli A.; Milne R. L; Kenny R. A; Elbaz A.; Brenner H.; Kee F.; Voortman T.; Probst-Hensch N.; Lehtimaki T.; Elliot P.; Stringhini S.; Vineis P.; Polidoro S. Socioeconimic Position, Lifestyle Habits and Biomarkers of Epigenetic Aging: A Multi-Cohort Analysis. Aging 2019, 11 (7), 2045.10.18632/aging.101900. PubMed DOI PMC

Gravlee C. C. How Race Becomes Biology: Embodiment of Social Inequality. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol 2009, 139 (1), 47–57. 10.1002/ajpa.20983. PubMed DOI

Neufcourt L.; Castagné R.; Mabile L.; Khalatbari-Soltani S.; Delpierre C.; Kelly-Irving M. Assessing How Social Exposures Are Integrated in Exposome Research: A Scoping Review. Environ. Health Perspect 2022, 130 (11), 116001.10.1289/EHP11015. PubMed DOI PMC

McCrory C.; Fiorito G.; McLoughlin S.; Polidoro S.; Cheallaigh C. N.; Bourke N.; Karisola P.; Alenius H.; Vineis P.; Layte R.; Kenny R. A. Epigenetic Clocks and Allostatic Load Reveal Potential Sex-Specific Drivers of Biological Aging. Journals of Gerontology - Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2019, 75 (3), 495–503. 10.1093/gerona/glz241. PubMed DOI

UK Biobank . UK BioBank Releases. www.ukbiobank.ac.uk.

Ayeni K. I.; Berry D.; Wisgrill L.; Warth B.; Ezekiel C. N. Early-Life Chemical Exposome and Gut Microbiome Development: African Research Perspectives within a Global Environmental Health Context. Trends in Microbiology 2022, 1084–1100. 10.1016/j.tim.2022.05.008. PubMed DOI

Huang Y.; Fang M. Nutritional and Environmental Contaminant Exposure: A Tale of Two Co-Existing Factors for Disease Risks. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2020, 54 (23), 14793–14796. 10.1021/acs.est.0c05658. PubMed DOI

Van Breda S. G. J.; Wilms L. C.; Gaj S.; Jennen D. G. J.; Briedé J. J.; Kleinjans J. C. S.; De Kok T. M. C. M. The Exposome Concept in a Human Nutrigenomics Study: Evaluating the Impact of Exposure to a Complex Mixture of Phytochemicals Using Transcriptomics Signatures. Mutagenesis 2015, 30 (6), 723–731. 10.1093/mutage/gev008. PubMed DOI

Noerman S.; Kokla M.; Koistinen V. M.; Lehtonen M.; Tuomainen T. P.; Brunius C.; Virtanen J. K.; Hanhineva K. Associations of the Serum Metabolite Profile with a Healthy Nordic Diet and Risk of Coronary Artery Disease. Clin Nutr 2021, 40 (5), 3250–3262. 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.10.051. PubMed DOI

Noerman S.; Kokla M.; Koistinen V. M.; Lehtonen M.; Tuomainen T. P.; Brunius C.; Virtanen J. K.; Hanhineva K. Associations of the Serum Metabolite Profile with a Healthy Nordic Diet and Risk of Coronary Artery Disease. Clin Nutr 2021, 40 (5), 3250–3262. 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.10.051. PubMed DOI

Gil A. M.; Duarte D.; Pinto J.; Barros A. S. Assessing Exposome Effects on Pregnancy through Urine Metabolomics of a Portuguese (Estarreja) Cohort. J. Proteome Res. 2018, 17 (3), 1278–1289. 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00878. PubMed DOI

González-Domínguez R.; Jáuregui O.; Queipo-Ortuño M. I.; Andrés-Lacueva C. Characterization of the Human Exposome by a Comprehensive and Quantitative Large-Scale Multianalyte Metabolomics Platform. Anal. Chem. 2020, 92 (20), 13767–13775. 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02008. PubMed DOI

Petrick L. M.; Uppal K.; Funk W. E. Metabolomics and Adductomics of Newborn Bloodspots to Retrospectively Assess the Early-Life Exposome. Curr. Opin Pediatr 2020, 32 (2), 300.10.1097/MOP.0000000000000875. PubMed DOI PMC

Warth B.; Spangler S.; Fang M.; Johnson C. H.; Forsberg E. M.; Granados A.; Martin R. L.; Domingo-Almenara X.; Huan T.; Rinehart D.; Montenegro-Burke J. R.; Hilmers B.; Aisporna A.; Hoang L. T.; Uritboonthai W.; Benton H. P.; Richardson S. D.; Williams A. J.; Siuzdak G. Exposome-Scale Investigations Guided by Global Metabolomics, Pathway Analysis, and Cognitive Computing. Anal. Chem. 2017, 89 (21), 11505–11513. 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02759. PubMed DOI

Flasch M.; Fitz V.; Rampler E.; Ezekiel C. N.; Koellensperger G.; Warth B. Integrated Exposomics/Metabolomics for Rapid Exposure and Effect Analyses. JACS Au 2022, 2 (11), 2548–2560. 10.1021/jacsau.2c00433. PubMed DOI PMC

Mazur D. M.; Detenchuk E. A.; Sosnova A. A.; Artaev V. B.; Lebedev A. T. GC-HRMS with Complimentary Ionization Techniques for Target and Non-Target Screening for Chemical Exposure: Expanding the Insights of the Air Pollution Markers in Moscow Snow. Sci. Total Environ. 2021, 144506.10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144506. PubMed DOI

Escher B. I.; Stapleton H. M.; Schymanski E. L. Tracking Complex Mixtures of Chemicals in Our Changing Environment. Science 2020, 367 (6476), 388.10.1126/science.aay6636. PubMed DOI PMC

Jamnik T.; Flasch M.; Braun D.; Fareed Y.; Wasinger D.; Seki D.; Berry D.; Berger A.; Wisgrill L.; Warth B. Next-Generation Biomonitoring of the Early-Life Chemical Exposome in Neonatal and Infant Development. Nature Communications 2022 13:1 2022, 13 (1), 1–14. 10.1038/s41467-022-30204-y. PubMed DOI PMC

Hollender J.; Schymanski E. L.; Singer H. P.; Ferguson P. L. Nontarget Screening with High Resolution Mass Spectrometry in the Environment: Ready to Go?. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51 (20), 11505–11512. 10.1021/acs.est.7b02184. PubMed DOI

Boyce W. T.; Sokolowski M. B.; Robinson G. E. Genes and Environments, Development and Time. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2020, 117 (38), 23235–23241. 10.1073/pnas.2016710117. PubMed DOI PMC

Winsvold B. S.; Harder A. V. E.; Ran C.; Chalmer M. A.; Dalmasso M. C.; Ferkingstad E.; Tripathi K. P.; Bacchelli E.; Børte S.; Fourier C.; Petersen A. S.; Vijfhuizen L. S.; Magnusson S. H.; O’Connor E.; Bjornsdottir G.; Häppölä P.; Wang Y. F.; Callesen I.; Kelderman T.; Gallardo V. J.; de Boer I.; Olofsgård F. J.; Heinze K.; Lund N.; Thomas L. F.; Hsu C. L.; Pirinen M.; Hautakangas H.; Ribasés M.; Guerzoni S.; Sivakumar P.; Yip J.; Heinze A.; Küçükali F.; Ostrowski S. R.; Pedersen O. B.; Kristoffersen E. S.; Martinsen A. E.; Artigas M. S.; Lagrata S.; Cainazzo M. M.; Adebimpe J.; Quinn O.; Göbel C.; Cirkel A.; Volk A. E.; Heilmann-Heimbach S.; Skogholt A. H.; Gabrielsen M. E.; Wilbrink L. A.; Danno D.; Mehta D.; Guobjartsson D. F.; Rosendaal F. R.; Willems van Dijk K.; Fronczek R.; Wagner M.; Scherer M.; Göbel H.; Sleegers K.; Sveinsson O. A.; Pani L.; Zoli M.; Ramos-Quiroga J. A.; Dardiotis E.; Steinberg A.; Riedel-Heller S.; Sjöstrand C.; Thorgeirsson T. E.; Stefansson H.; Southgate L.; Trembath R. C.; Vandrovcova J.; Noordam R.; Paemeleire K.; Stefansson K.; Fann C. S. J.; Waldenlind E.; Tronvik E.; Jensen R. H.; Chen S. P.; Houlden H.; Terwindt G. M.; Kubisch C.; Maestrini E.; Vikelis M.; Pozo-Rosich P.; Belin A. C.; Matharu M.; van den Maagdenberg A. M. J. M.; Hansen T. F.; Ramirez A.; Zwart J. A. Cluster Headache Genomewide Association Study and Meta-Analysis Identifies Eight Loci and Implicates Smoking as Causal Risk Factor. Ann. Neurol. 2023, 94 (4), 713–726. 10.1002/ana.26743. PubMed DOI PMC

Jiang C.; Wang X.; Li X.; Inlora J.; Wang T.; Liu Q.; Snyder M. Dynamic Human Environmental Exposome Revealed by Longitudinal Personal Monitoring. Cell 2018, 175 (1), 277–291.e31. 10.1016/J.CELL.2018.08.060. PubMed DOI PMC

Demetriou C.; Vineis P. Biomarkers and Omics of Health Effects Associated with Traffic-Related Air Pollution. Traffic-Related Air Pollution 2020, 281–309. 10.1016/B978-0-12-818122-5.00011-9. DOI

Dennis K. K.; Auerbach S. S.; Balshaw D. M.; Cui Y.; Fallin M. D.; Smith M. T.; Spira A.; Sumner S.; Miller G. W. The Importance of the Biological Impact of Exposure to the Concept of the Exposome. Environ. Health Perspect 2016, 124 (10), 1504.10.1289/EHP140. PubMed DOI PMC

Allesøe R. L.; Lundgaard A. T.; Hernández Medina R.; Aguayo-Orozco A.; Johansen J.; Nissen J. N.; Brorsson C.; Mazzoni G.; Niu L.; Biel J. H.; Brasas V.; Webel H.; Benros M. E.; Pedersen A. G.; Chmura P. J.; Jacobsen U. P.; Mari A.; Koivula R.; Mahajan A.; Vinuela A.; Tajes J. F.; Sharma S.; Haid M.; Hong M. G.; Musholt P. B.; De Masi F.; Vogt J.; Pedersen H. K.; Gudmundsdottir V.; Jones A.; Kennedy G.; Bell J.; Thomas E. L.; Frost G.; Thomsen H.; Hansen E.; Hansen T. H.; Vestergaard H.; Muilwijk M.; Blom M. T.; ‘t Hart L. M.; Pattou F.; Raverdy V.; Brage S.; Kokkola T.; Heggie A.; McEvoy D.; Mourby M.; Kaye J.; Hattersley A.; McDonald T.; Ridderstråle M.; Walker M.; Forgie I.; Giordano G. N.; Pavo I.; Ruetten H.; Pedersen O.; Hansen T.; Dermitzakis E.; Franks P. W.; Schwenk J. M.; Adamski J.; McCarthy M. I.; Pearson E.; Banasik K.; Rasmussen S.; Brunak S.; Froguel P.; Thomas C. E.; Haussler R.; Beulens J.; Rutters F.; Nijpels G.; van Oort S.; Groeneveld L.; Elders P.; Giorgino T.; Rodriquez M.; Nice R.; Perry M.; Bianzano S.; Graefe-Mody U.; Hennige A.; Grempler R.; Baum P.; Stærfeldt H. H.; Shah N.; Teare H.; Ehrhardt B.; Tillner J.; Dings C.; Lehr T.; Scherer N.; Sihinevich I.; Cabrelli L.; Loftus H.; Bizzotto R.; Tura A.; Dekkers K.; van Leeuwen N.; Groop L.; Slieker R.; Ramisch A.; Jennison C.; McVittie I.; Frau F.; Steckel-Hamann B.; Adragni K.; Thomas M.; Pasdar N. A.; Fitipaldi H.; Kurbasic A.; Mutie P.; Pomares-Millan H.; Bonnefond A.; Canouil M.; Caiazzo R.; Verkindt H.; Holl R.; Kuulasmaa T.; Deshmukh H.; Cederberg H.; Laakso M.; Vangipurapu J.; Dale M.; Thorand B.; Nicolay C.; Fritsche A.; Hill A.; Hudson M.; Thorne C.; Allin K.; Arumugam M.; Jonsson A.; Engelbrechtsen L.; Forman A.; Dutta A.; Sondertoft N.; Fan Y.; Gough S.; Robertson N.; McRobert N.; Wesolowska-Andersen A.; Brown A.; Davtian D.; Dawed A.; Donnelly L.; Palmer C.; White M.; Ferrer J.; Whitcher B.; Artati A.; Prehn C.; Adam J.; Grallert H.; Gupta R.; Sackett P. W.; Nilsson B.; Tsirigos K.; Eriksen R.; Jablonka B.; Uhlen M.; Gassenhuber J.; Baltauss T.; de Preville N.; Klintenberg M.; Abdalla M. Discovery of Drug–Omics Associations in Type 2 Diabetes with Generative Deep-Learning Models. Nat. Biotechnol. 2023, 41 (3), 399–408. 10.1038/s41587-022-01520-x. PubMed DOI PMC

Nightingale Health, Our Services. https://research.nightingalehealth.com/services.

Julkunen H.; Cichońska A.; Tiainen M.; Koskela H.; Nybo K.; Mäkelä V.; Nokso-Koivisto J.; Kristiansson K.; Perola M.; Salomaa V.; Jousilahti P.; Lundqvist A.; Kangas A. J.; Soininen P.; Barrett J. C.; Würtz P. Atlas of Plasma NMR Biomarkers for Health and Disease in 118,461 Individuals from the UK Biobank. Nat. Commun. 2023, 14 (1), 604.10.1038/s41467-023-36231-7. PubMed DOI PMC

deCode genetics. https://www.decode.com/.

Univesity of Helsinki . FINNGEN. https://www.finngen.fi/fi.

Osler M.; Andersen A. M. N.; Lund R.; Batty G. D.; Hougaard C. Ø.; Damsgaard M. T.; Due P.; Holstein B. E. Revitalising the Metropolit 1953 Danish Male Birth Cohort: Background, Aims and Design. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2004, 18 (5), 385–394. 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2004.00584.x. PubMed DOI

Uffelmann E.; Huang Q. Q.; Munung N. S.; de Vries J.; Okada Y.; Martin A. R.; Martin H. C.; Lappalainen T.; Posthuma D. Genome-Wide Association Studies. Nature Reviews Methods Primers 2021, 59.10.1038/s43586-021-00056-9. DOI

Diogo D.; Tian C.; Franklin C. S.; Alanne-Kinnunen M.; March M.; Spencer C. C. A.; Vangjeli C.; Weale M. E.; Mattsson H.; Kilpeläinen E.; Sleiman P. M. A.; Reilly D. F.; McElwee J.; Maranville J. C.; Chatterjee A. K.; Bhandari A.; Nguyen K. D. H.; Estrada K.; Reeve M. P.; Hutz J.; Bing N.; John S.; MacArthur D. G.; Salomaa V.; Ripatti S.; Hakonarson H.; Daly M. J.; Palotie A.; Hinds D. A.; Donnelly P.; Fox C. S.; Day-Williams A. G.; Plenge R. M.; Runz H. Phenome-Wide Association Studies across Large Population Cohorts Support Drug Target Validation. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9 (1), 4285.10.1038/s41467-018-06540-3. PubMed DOI PMC

Huang S. Y.; Yang Y. X.; Chen S. D.; Li H. Q.; Zhang X. Q.; Kuo K.; Tan L.; Feng L.; Dong Q.; Zhang C.; Yu J. T. Investigating Causal Relationships between Exposome and Human Longevity: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis. BMC Med. 2021, 19 (1), 1–16. 10.1186/s12916-021-02030-4. PubMed DOI PMC

Currant H.; Fitzgerald T. W.; Patel P. J.; Khawaja A. P.; Webster A. R.; Mahroo O. A.; Birney E. Sub-Cellular Level Resolution of Common Genetic Variation in the Photoreceptor Layer Identifies Continuum between Rare Disease and Common Variation. PLoS Genet 2023, 19 (2), e1010587.10.1371/journal.pgen.1010587. PubMed DOI PMC

McGurk K. A.; Zhang X.; Theotokis P.; Thomson K.; Buchan R. J.; Mazaika E.; Ormondroyd E.; Macaya D.; Jian Pua C.; Funke B.; MacArthur D. G.; Prasad S.; Cook S. A.; Allouba M.; Aguib Y.; O D. P.; R Barton P. J.; Watkins H.; Ware J. S. The Penetrance of Rare Variants in Cardiomyopathy-Associated Genes: 1 a Cross-Sectional Approach to Estimate Penetrance for Secondary Findings 2. American Journal of Human Genetics 2023, 110, 1482.10.1016/j.ajhg.2023.08.003. PubMed DOI PMC

Alexandrov L. B.; Kim J.; Haradhvala N. J.; Huang M. N.; Wei A.; Ng T.; Wu Y.; Boot A.; Covington K. R.; Gordenin D. A.; Bergstrom E. N.; Islam S. M. A.; Lopez-Bigas N.; Klimczak L. J.; Mcpherson J. R. The Repertoire of Mutational Signatures in Human Cancer. PCAWG Mutational Signatures Working Group 1943, 578, 15.

Lambert J. T.; Su-Feher L.; Cichewicz K.; Warren T. L.; Zdilar I.; Wang Y.; Lim K. J.; Haigh J. L.; Morse S. J.; Canales C. P.; Stradleigh T. W.; Palacios E. C.; Haghani V.; Moss S. D.; Parolini H.; Quintero D.; Shrestha D.; Vogt D.; Byrne L. C.; Nord A. S. Parallel Functional Testing Identifies Enhancers Active in Early Postnatal Mouse Brain. eLife 2021, 10, 69479.10.7554/eLife.69479. PubMed DOI PMC

Wang Y.; Namba S.; Lopera E.; Kerminen S.; Tsuo K.; Läll K.; Kanai M.; Zhou W.; Wu K. H.; Favé M. J.; Bhatta L.; Awadalla P.; Brumpton B.; Deelen P.; Hveem K.; Lo Faro V.; Mägi R.; Murakami Y.; Sanna S.; Smoller J. W.; Uzunovic J.; Wolford B. N.; Wu K. H. H.; Rasheed H.; Hirbo J. B.; Bhattacharya A.; Zhao H.; Surakka I.; Lopera-Maya E. A.; Chapman S. B.; Karjalainen J.; Kurki M.; Mutaamba M.; Partanen J. J.; Chavan S.; Chen T. T.; Daya M.; Ding Y.; Feng Y. C. A.; Gignoux C. R.; Graham S. E.; Hornsby W. E.; Ingold N.; Johnson R.; Laisk T.; Lin K.; Lv J.; Millwood I. Y.; Palta P.; Pandit A.; Preuss M. H.; Thorsteinsdottir U.; Zawistowski M.; Zhong X.; Campbell A.; Crooks K.; de Bock G. H.; Douville N. J.; Finer S.; Fritsche L. G.; Griffiths C. J.; Guo Y.; Hunt K. A.; Konuma T.; Marioni R. E.; Nomdo J.; Patil S.; Rafaels N.; Richmond A.; Shortt J. A.; Straub P.; Tao R.; Vanderwerff B.; Barnes K. C.; Boezen M.; Chen Z.; Chen C. Y.; Cho J.; Smith G. D.; Finucane H. K.; Franke L.; Gamazon E. R.; Ganna A.; Gaunt T. R.; Ge T.; Huang H.; Huffman J.; Koskela J. T.; Lajonchere C.; Law M. H.; Li L.; Lindgren C. M.; Loos R. J. F.; MacGregor S.; Matsuda K.; Olsen C. M.; Porteous D. J.; Shavit J. A.; Snieder H.; Trembath R. C.; Vonk J. M.; Whiteman D.; Wicks S. J.; Wijmenga C.; Wright J.; Zheng J.; Zhou X.; Boehnke M.; Cox N. J.; Geschwind D. H.; Hayward C.; Kenny E. E.; Lin Y. F.; Martin H. C.; Medland S. E.; Okada Y.; Palotie A. V.; Pasaniuc B.; Stefansson K.; van Heel D. A.; Walters R. G.; Zöllner S.; Martin A. R.; Willer C. J.; Daly M. J.; Neale B. M.; Willer C.; Hirbo J. Global Biobank Analyses Provide Lessons for Developing Polygenic Risk Scores across Diverse Cohorts. Cell Genomics 2023, 3 (1), 100241.10.1016/j.xgen.2022.100241. PubMed DOI PMC

INTERVENE Project Consortium . INTERVENE https://www.interveneproject.eu/.

Sud A.; Horton R. H.; Hingorani A. D.; Tzoulaki I.; Turnbull C.; Houlston R. S.; Lucassen A. Realistic Expectations Are Key to Realising the Benefits of Polygenic Scores. BMJ. 2023, 380, e073149.10.1136/bmj-2022-073149. PubMed DOI PMC

Araújo D. S.; Wheeler H. E. Genetic and Environmental Variation Impact Transferability of Polygenic Risk Scores. Cell Reports Medicine 2022, 3, 100687.10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100687. PubMed DOI PMC

Wald N. J.; Old R. The Illusion of Polygenic Disease Risk Prediction. Genetics in Medicine 2019, 21 (8), 1705–1707. 10.1038/s41436. PubMed DOI

Kang J. B.; Raveane A.; Nathan A.; Soranzo N.; Raychaudhuri S. Methods and Insights from Single-Cell Expression Quantitative Trait Loci. Annu. Rev. Genom. Hum. Genet. 2023, 24, 277.10.1146/annurev-genom-101422-100437. PubMed DOI PMC

Rowland B.; Venkatesh S.; Tardaguila M.; Wen J.; Rosen J. D.; Tapia A. L.; Sun Q.; Graff M.; Vuckovic D.; Lettre G.; Sankaran V. G.; Voloudakis G.; Roussos P.; Huffman J. E.; Reiner A. P.; Soranzo N.; Raffield L. M.; Li Y. Transcriptome-Wide Association Study in UK Biobank Europeans Identifies Associations with Blood Cell Traits. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2022, 31, 2333–2347. 10.1093/hmg/ddac011. PubMed DOI PMC

He H.; He M. M.; Wang H.; Qiu W.; Liu L.; Long L.; Shen Q.; Zhang S.; Qin S.; Lu Z.; Cai Y.; Zhang M.; Niu S.; Li J.; Shen N.; Zhu Y.; Tian J.; Chang J.; Miao X.; Zhong R. In Utero and Childhood/Adolescence Exposure to Tobacco Smoke, Genetic Risk, and Lung Cancer Incidence and Mortality in Adulthood. Am. J. Respir Crit Care Med. 2023, 207 (2), 173–182. 10.1164/rccm.202112-2758OC. PubMed DOI

Kocsmár É.; Buzás G. M.; Szirtes I.; Kocsmár I.; Kramer Z.; Szijártó A.; Fadgyas-Freyler P.; Szénás K.; Rugge M.; Fassan M.; Kiss A.; Schaff Z.; Röst G.; Lotz G. Primary and Secondary Clarithromycin Resistance in Helicobacter Pylori and Mathematical Modeling of the Role of Macrolides. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12 (1), 2255.10.1038/s41467-021-22557-7. PubMed DOI PMC

Aguayo-Orozco A.; Haue A. D.; Jørgensen I. F.; Westergaard D.; Moseley P. L.; Mortensen L. H.; Brunak S. Optimizing Drug Selection from a Prescription Trajectory of One Patient. NPJ. Digit Med. 2021, 4 (1), 150.10.1038/s41746-021-00522-4. PubMed DOI PMC

Christensen D. M.; Gislason G.; Gerds T. Matters Arising: Immortal Time Bias in the Analysis of Drug Prescription Trajectories. NPJ. Digit Med. 2022, 5, 190.10.1038/s41746-021-00522-4. PubMed DOI PMC

Thier R.; Bruning T.; Roos P. H.; Rihs H.-P.; Golka K.; Ko Y.; Bolt H. M. Markers of Genetic Susceptibility in Human Environmental Hygiene and Toxicology: The Role of Selected CYP, NAT and GST Genes. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2003, 206, 149–171. 10.1078/1438-4639-00209. PubMed DOI

Carlini V.; Policarpi C.; Hackett J. A. Epigenetic Inheritance Is Gated by Naïve Pluripotency and Dppa2. EMBO J. 2022, 41 (7), e108677.10.15252/embj.2021108677. PubMed DOI PMC

Gould S. L.; Winter M. J.; Norton W. H. J.; Tyler C. R. The Potential for Adverse Effects in Fish Exposed to Antidepressants in the Aquatic Environment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2021, 55 (24), 16299–16312. 10.1021/acs.est.1c04724. PubMed DOI

Xue X.; Wang R. P.; Fu J. Modeling of Human Neurulation Using Bioengineered Pluripotent Stem Cell Culture. Current Opinion in Biomedical Engineering 2020, 127–133. 10.1016/j.cobme.2020.02.002. PubMed DOI PMC

Di Scipio M.; Khan M.; Mao S.; Chong M.; Judge C.; Pathan N.; Perrot N.; Nelson W.; Lali R.; Di S.; Morton R.; Petch J.; Paré G. A Versatile, Fast and Unbiased Method for Estimation of Gene-by-Environment Interaction Effects on Biobank-Scale Datasets. Nat. Commun. 2023, 14 (1), 5196.10.1038/s41467-023-40913-7. PubMed DOI PMC

Akimova E. T.; Breen R.; Brazel D. M.; Mills M. C. Gene-Environment Dependencies Lead to Collider Bias in Models with Polygenic Scores. Sci. Rep 2021, 11 (1), 9457.10.1038/s41598-021-89020-x. PubMed DOI PMC

Huang P.; Li Y.; Nasser M. I.; Guo H.; Huang H.; Zhao M.; Zhu P. Urine-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Cardiovascular Disease. Cardiology Research and Practice 2020, 2020, 1.10.1155/2020/3563519. PubMed DOI PMC

Nath S. C.; Menendez L.; Friedrich Ben-Nun I. Overcoming the Variability of IPSCs in the Manufacturing of Cell-Based Therapies. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24 (23), 16929.10.3390/ijms242316929. PubMed DOI PMC

Lee S.; Barron M. G. Structure-Based Understanding of Binding Affinity and Mode of Estrogen Receptor α Agonists and Antagonists. PLoS One 2017, 12 (1), e016960710.1371/journal.pone.0169607. PubMed DOI PMC

Wassie A. T.; Zhao Y.; Boyden E. S. Expansion Microscopy: Principles and Uses in Biological Research. Nature Methods 2019, 33–41. 10.1038/s41592-018-0219-4. PubMed DOI PMC

Yang L.; Li A.; Wang Y.; Zhang Y. Intratumoral Microbiota: Roles in Cancer Initiation, Development and Therapeutic Efficacy. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 2023, 8, 35.10.1038/s41392-022-01304-4. PubMed DOI PMC

Baud A.; Casale F. P.; Barkley-Levenson A. M.; Farhadi N.; Montillot C.; Yalcin B.; Nicod J.; Palmer A. A.; Stegle O. Dissecting Indirect Genetic Effects from Peers in Laboratory Mice. Genome Biol. 2021, 22 (1), 216.10.1186/s13059-021-02415-x. PubMed DOI PMC

Kundu K.; Tardaguila M.; Mann A. L.; Watt S.; Ponstingl H.; Vasquez L.; Von Schiller D.; Morrell N. W.; Stegle O.; Pastinen T.; Sawcer S. J.; Anderson C. A.; Walter K.; Soranzo N. Genetic Associations at Regulatory Phenotypes Improve Fine-Mapping of Causal Variants for 12 Immune-Mediated Diseases. Nat. Genet. 2022, 54 (3), 251–262. 10.1038/s41588-022-01025-y. PubMed DOI

Agrawal N.; Lawler K.; Davidson C. M.; Keogh J. M.; Legg R.; Barroso I.; Farooqi I. S.; Brand A. H. Predicting Novel Candidate Human Obesity Genes and Their Site of Action by Systematic Functional Screening in Drosophila. PLoS Biol. 2021, 19 (11), e300125510.1371/journal.pbio.3001255. PubMed DOI PMC

Barouki R.; Audouze K.; Becker C.; Blaha L.; Coumoul X.; Karakitsios S.; Klanova J.; Miller G. W.; Price E. J.; Sarigiannis D. The Exposome and Toxicology: A Win-Win Collaboration. Toxicol. Sci. 2022, 186, 1–11. 10.1093/toxsci/kfab149. PubMed DOI PMC

Nakiwala D.; Noyes P. D.; Faure P.; Chovelon B.; Corne C.; Gauchez A. S.; Guergour D.; Lyon-Caen S.; Sakhi A. K.; Sabaredzovic A.; Thomsen C.; Pin I.; Slama R.; Philippat C. Phenol and Phthalate Effects on Thyroid Hormone Levels during Pregnancy: Relying on In Vitro Assays and Adverse Outcome Pathways to Inform an Epidemiological Analysis. Environ. Health Perspect 2022, 130 (11), 1.10.1289/EHP10239. PubMed DOI PMC

Mustieles V.; D’Cruz S. C.; Couderq S.; Rodríguez-Carrillo A.; Fini J. B.; Hofer T.; Steffensen I. L.; Dirven H.; Barouki R.; Olea N.; Fernández M. F.; David A. Bisphenol A and Its Analogues: A Comprehensive Review to Identify and Prioritize Effect Biomarkers for Human Biomonitoring. Environment International 2020, 144, 105811.10.1016/j.envint.2020.105811. PubMed DOI

Caporale N.; Leemans M.; Birgersson L.; Germain P. L.; Cheroni C.; Borbély G.; Engdahl E.; Lindh C.; Bressan R. B.; Cavallo F.; Chorev N. E.; D’Agostino G. A.; Pollard S. M.; Rigoli M. T.; Tenderini E.; Tobon A. L.; Trattaro S.; Troglio F.; Zanella M.; Bergman Å.; Damdimopoulou P.; Jönsson M.; Kiess W.; Kitraki E.; Kiviranta H.; Nånberg E.; Öberg M.; Rantakokko P.; Rudén C.; Söder O.; Bornehag C. G.; Demeneix B.; Fini J. B.; Gennings C.; Rüegg J.; Sturve J.; Testa G. From Cohorts to Molecules: Adverse Impacts of Endocrine Disrupting Mixtures. Science (1979) 2022, 375 (6582), 1.10.1126/science.abe8244. PubMed DOI

Ball N.; Bars R.; Botham P. A.; Cuciureanu A.; Cronin M. T. D.; Doe J. E.; Dudzina T.; Gant T. W.; Leist M.; van Ravenzwaay B. A Framework for Chemical Safety Assessment Incorporating New Approach Methodologies within REACH. Arch. Toxicol. 2022, 96 (3), 743–766. 10.1007/s00204-021-03215-9. PubMed DOI PMC

Vinken M.; Benfenati E.; Busquet F.; Castell J.; Clevert D.-A.; De Kok T. M.; Dirven H.; Fritsche E.; Geris L.; Gozalbes R.; Hartung T.; Jennen D.; Jover R.; Kandarova H.; Kramer N.; Krul C.; Luechtefeld T.; Masereeuw R.; Roggen E.; Schaller S.; Vanhaecke T.; Yang C.; Piersma A. H. Safer Chemicals Using Less Animals: Kick-off of the European ONTOX Project. Toxicology 2021, 458, 15284610.1016/j.tox.2021.152846. PubMed DOI

Blum J.; Masjosthusmann S.; Bartmann K.; Bendt F.; Dolde X.; Dönmez A.; Förster N.; Holzer A. K.; Hübenthal U.; Keßel H. E.; Kilic S.; Klose J.; Pahl M.; Stürzl L. C.; Mangas I.; Terron A.; Crofton K. M.; Scholze M.; Mosig A.; Leist M.; Fritsche E. Establishment of a Human Cell-Based in Vitro Battery to Assess Developmental Neurotoxicity Hazard of Chemicals. Chemosphere 2023, 311, 137035.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137035. PubMed DOI

Bajard L.; Adamovsky O.; Audouze K.; Baken K.; Barouki R.; Beltman J. B.; Beronius A.; Bonefeld-Jørgensen E. C.; Cano-Sancho G.; de Baat M. L.; Di Tillio F.; Fernández M. F.; FitzGerald R. E.; Gundacker C.; Hernández A. F.; Hilscherova K.; Karakitsios S.; Kuchovska E.; Long M.; Luijten M.; Majid S.; Marx-Stoelting P.; Mustieles V.; Negi C. K.; Sarigiannis D.; Scholz S.; Sovadinova I.; Stierum R.; Tanabe S.; Tollefsen K. E.; van den Brand A. D.; Vogs C.; Wielsøe M.; Wittwehr C.; Blaha L. Application of AOPs to Assist Regulatory Assessment of Chemical Risks – Case Studies, Needs and Recommendations. Environmental Research 2023, 217, 114650.10.1016/j.envres.2022.114650. PubMed DOI PMC

Aspis Cluster . ASPIS Cluster. https://aspis-cluster.eu/ (accessed 2023–05–28).

Marx-Stoelting P.; Rivière G.; Luijten M.; Aiello-Holden K.; Bandow N.; Baken K.; Cañas A.; Castano A.; Denys S.; Fillol C.; Herzler M.; Iavicoli I.; Karakitsios S.; Klanova J.; Kolossa-Gehring M.; Koutsodimou A.; Vicente J. L.; Lynch I.; Namorado S.; Norager S.; Pittman A.; Rotter S.; Sarigiannis D.; Silva M. J.; Theunis J.; Tralau T.; Uhl M.; van Klaveren J.; Wendt-Rasch L.; Westerholm E.; Rousselle C.; Sanders P. A Walk in the PARC: Developing and Implementing 21st Century Chemical Risk Assessment in Europe. Arch. Toxicol. 2023, 97 (3), 893–908. 10.1007/s00204-022-03435-7. PubMed DOI PMC

The Precision Toxicology Initiative. Toxicol. Lett. 2023, 383, 33–42. 10.1016/J.TOXLET.2023.05.004. PubMed DOI

Colbourne J. K.; Shaw J. R.; Sostare E.; Rivetti C.; Derelle R.; Barnett R.; Campos B.; LaLone C.; Viant M. R.; Hodges G. Toxicity by Descent: A Comparative Approach for Chemical Hazard Assessment. Environmental Advances 2022, 9, 10028710.1016/j.envadv.2022.100287. PubMed DOI PMC

Swaminathan A.; Gliksberg M.; Anbalagan S.; Wigoda N.; Levkowitz G. Stress Resilience Is Established during Development and Is Regulated by Complement Factors. Cell Rep 2023, 42 (1), 111973.10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111973. PubMed DOI

Vinken M.; Knapen D.; Vergauwen L.; Hengstler J. G.; Angrish M.; Whelan M. Adverse Outcome Pathways: A Concise Introduction for Toxicologists. Arch. Toxicol. 2017, 3697–3707. 10.1007/s00204-017-2020-z. PubMed DOI PMC

Escher B. I.; Hackermüller J.; Polte T.; Scholz S.; Aigner A.; Altenburger R.; Böhme A.; Bopp S. K.; Brack W.; Busch W.; Chadeau-Hyam M.; Covaci A.; Eisenträger A.; Galligan J. J.; Garcia-Reyero N.; Hartung T.; Hein M.; Herberth G.; Jahnke A.; Kleinjans J.; Klüver N.; Krauss M.; Lamoree M.; Lehmann I.; Luckenbach T.; Miller G. W.; Müller A.; Phillips D. H.; Reemtsma T.; Rolle-Kampczyk U.; Schüürmann G.; Schwikowski B.; Tan Y. M.; Trump S.; Walter-Rohde S.; Wambaugh J. F. From the Exposome to Mechanistic Understanding of Chemical-Induced Adverse Effects. Environ. Int. 2017, 99, 97–106. 10.1016/j.envint.2016.11.029. PubMed DOI PMC

Vinken M.; Benfenati E.; Busquet F.; Castell J.; Clevert D. A.; de Kok T. M.; Dirven H.; Fritsche E.; Geris L.; Gozalbes R.; Hartung T.; Jennen D.; Jover R.; Kandarova H.; Kramer N.; Krul C.; Luechtefeld T.; Masereeuw R.; Roggen E.; Schaller S.; Vanhaecke T.; Yang C.; Piersma A. H. Safer Chemicals Using Less Animals: Kick-off of the European ONTOX Project. Toxicology 2021, 458, 152846.10.1016/j.tox.2021.152846. PubMed DOI

Tan Y.-M.; Leonard J. A.; Edwards S.; Teeguarden J.; Paini A.; Egeghy P.; Opin C.; Author T. Aggregate Exposure Pathways in Support of Risk Assessment HHS Public Access Author Manuscript. Curr. Opin Toxicol 2018, 9, 8–13. 10.1016/j.cotox.2018.03.006. PubMed DOI PMC

European Human Exposome Network. https://www.humanexposome.eu/.

EIRENE Research Infrastructure. https://www.eirene-ri.eu/.

BBMRI-ERIC. https://www.bbmri-eric.eu/. https://www.bbmri-eric.eu/ (accessed 2024–01–17).

Wilkinson M. D.; Dumontier M.; Aalbersberg Ij. J.; Appleton G.; Axton M.; Baak A.; Blomberg N.; Boiten J. W.; da Silva Santos L. B.; Bourne P. E.; Bouwman J.; Brookes A. J.; Clark T.; Crosas M.; Dillo I.; Dumon O.; Edmunds S.; Evelo C. T.; Finkers R.; Gonzalez-Beltran A.; Gray A. J. G.; Groth P.; Goble C.; Grethe J. S.; Heringa J.; t Hoen P. A. C.; Hooft R.; Kuhn T.; Kok R.; Kok J.; Lusher S. J.; Martone M. E.; Mons A.; Packer A. L.; Persson B.; Rocca-Serra P.; Roos M.; van Schaik R.; Sansone S. A.; Schultes E.; Sengstag T.; Slater T.; Strawn G.; Swertz M. A.; Thompson M.; Van Der Lei J.; Van Mulligen E.; Velterop J.; Waagmeester A.; Wittenburg P.; Wolstencroft K.; Zhao J.; Mons B. Comment: The FAIR Guiding Principles for Scientific Data Management and Stewardship. Sci. Data 2016, 3, 160018.10.1038/sdata.2016.18. PubMed DOI PMC

Pittman M. E.; Edwards S. W.; Ives C.; Mortensen H. M. AOP-DB: A Database Resource for the Exploration of Adverse Outcome Pathways through Integrated Association Networks. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2018, 343, 71–83. 10.1016/j.taap.2018.02.006. PubMed DOI PMC

Global Genomic Medicine Collaborative . International HundredK+ Cohorts Consortium (IHCC).

Global Alliance for Genomics and Health . Framework for Responsible Sharing of Genomic and Health-Related Data; 2019.