OBJECTIVES: To develop a gadolinium-free MRI-based diagnosis prediction decision tree (DPDT) for adult-type diffuse gliomas and to assess the added value of gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) enhanced images. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included preoperative grade 2-4 adult-type diffuse gliomas (World Health Organization 2021) scanned between 2010 and 2021. The DPDT, incorporating eleven GBCA-free MRI features, was developed using 18% of the dataset based on consensus readings. Diagnosis predictions involved grade (grade 2 vs. grade 3/4) and molecular status (isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) and 1p/19q). GBCA-free diagnosis was predicted using DPDT, while GBCA-enhanced diagnosis included post-contrast images. The accuracy of these predictions was assessed by three raters with varying experience levels in neuroradiology using the test dataset. Agreement analyses were applied to evaluate the prediction performance/reproducibility. RESULTS: The test dataset included 303 patients (age (SD): 56.7 (14.2) years, female/male: 114/189, low-grade/high-grade: 54/249, IDH-mutant/wildtype: 82/221, 1p/19q-codeleted/intact: 34/269). Per-rater GBCA-free predictions achieved ≥ 0.85 (95%-CI: 0.80-0.88) accuracy for grade and ≥ 0.75 (95%-CI: 0.70-0.80) for molecular status, while GBCA-enhanced predictions reached ≥ 0.87 (95%-CI: 0.82-0.90) and ≥ 0.77 (95%-CI: 0.71-0.81), respectively. No accuracy difference was observed between GBCA-free and GBCA-enhanced predictions. Group inter-rater agreement was moderate for GBCA-free (0.56 (95%-CI: 0.46-0.66)) and substantial for GBCA-enhanced grade prediction (0.68 (95%-CI: 0.58-0.78), p = 0.008), while substantial for both GBCA-free (0.75 (95%-CI: 0.69-0.80) and GBCA-enhanced (0.77 (95%-CI: 0.71-0.82), p = 0.51) molecular status predictions. CONCLUSION: The proposed GBCA-free diagnosis prediction decision tree performed well, with GBCA-enhanced images adding little to the preoperative diagnostic accuracy of adult-type diffuse gliomas. KEY POINTS: Question Given health and environmental concerns, is there a gadolinium-free imaging protocol to preoperatively evaluate gliomas comparable to the gadolinium-enhanced standard practice? Findings The proposed gadolinium-free diagnosis prediction decision tree for adult-type diffuse gliomas performed well, and gadolinium-enhanced MRI demonstrated only limited improvement in diagnostic accuracy. Clinical relevance Even inexperienced raters effectively classified adult-type diffuse gliomas using the gadolinium-free diagnosis prediction decision tree, which, until further validation, can be used alongside gadolinium-enhanced images to respect standard practice, despite this study showing that gadolinium-enhanced images hardly improved diagnostic accuracy.

Amsterdam Neuroscience Brain Imaging Amsterdam The Netherlands

Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Department of Neurosurgery Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands

Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Department of Pathology Amsterdam The Netherlands

Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department Amsterdam The Netherlands

Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University Faculty of Medicine Ankara Turkey

Cancer Center Amsterdam Imaging and Biomarkers Amsterdam The Netherlands

Charles University The 2nd Faculty of Medicine Department of Pathophysiology Prague Czech Republic

Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Dresden Germany

Motol University Hospital Prague Czech Republic

Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology Laboratory for Childhood Cancer Pathology Utrecht The Netherlands

Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Center for Medical Image Computing University College London London UK

Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands

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