High light stress decreases the photosynthetic rate in plants due to photooxidative damage to photosynthetic apparatus, photoinhibition of PSII, and/or damage to PSI. The dissipation of excess energy by nonphotochemical quenching and degradation of the D1 protein of PSII and its repair cycle help against photooxidative damage. Light stress also activates stress-responsive nuclear genes through the accumulation of phosphonucleotide-3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphate, methylerythritol cyclodiphosphate, and reactive oxygen species which comprise the chloroplast retrograde signaling pathway. Additionally, hormones, such as abscisic acid, cytokinin, brassinosteroids, and gibberellins, play a role in acclimation to light fluctuations. Several alternate electron flow mechanisms, which offset the excess of electrons, include activation of plastid or plastoquinol terminal oxidase, cytochrome b 6/f complex, cyclic electron flow through PSI, Mehler ascorbate peroxidase pathway or water-water cycle, mitochondrial alternative oxidase pathway, and photorespiration. In this review, we provided insights into high light stress-mediated damage to photosynthetic apparatus and strategies to mitigate the damage by decreasing antennae size, enhancing NPQ through the introduction of mutants, expression of algal proteins to improve photosynthetic rates and engineering ATP synthase.

Department of Agriculture Food and Environment University of Pisa Pisa Italy

Department of Basic Sciences College of Forestry Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni 173230 Solan India

Department of Basic Sciences College of Horticulture and Forestry Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Neri 177001 Hamirpur India

Division of Crop Sciences Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture Hyderabad Telangana India

Division of Plant Physiology ICAR Indian Agricultural Research Institute 110012 New Delhi India

School of Biochemistry Devi Ahilya University 452001 Indore Madhya Pradesh India

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