Urban parks and cemeteries constitute hot spots of bird diversity in urban areas. However, the seasonal dynamics of their bird communities have been scarcely explored at large scales. This study aims to analyze the drivers of urban bird assemblage seasonality in urban parks and cemeteries comparing assemblages during breeding and non-breeding seasons in the Neotropical Region. Since cemeteries have less human disturbance than urban parks, we expected differences in bird community seasonality between habitats. The seasonal change of species composition was partitioned into species turnover and nestedness. At large scales, the seasonal change of species composition was positively related to temperature seasonality and was higher in the Northern Hemisphere. At the landscape scale, the seasonal change of composition decreased in sites located in the most urbanized areas. At the local scale, sites with the highest habitat diversity and pedestrian traffic had the lowest seasonal change of composition. The species turnover was higher in the Northern Hemisphere, augmented with increasing annual temperature range, and decreased in urban parks. The species nestedness was positively related to habitat diversity. Our results showed that a multi-scale framework is essential to understand the seasonal changes of bird communities. Moreover, the two components of seasonal composition dissimilarity showed contrasting responses to environmental variables. Although the surrounding urbanization lowered the seasonal dynamics of urban green areas, cemeteries seem to conserve more seasonal changes than urban parks. Thus, urban cemeteries help to conserve the temporal dynamics of bird communities in cities.

Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability Santiago 7820244 Chile

Center of Ecology Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre 91540 000 RS Brazil

Centro de Cultura Ambiental Acuexcomatl SEDEMA Ciudad de México 16610 Mexico

Centro de Investigaciones de la Geósfera y la Biósfera CONICET Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales Universidad Nacional de San Juan Rivadavia J5402DCS Argentina

Departamento de Ciências Ambientais CCTS Universidade Federal de São Carlos Rodovia João Leme dos Santos Km 110 Itinga Sorocaba 18052 780 SP Brazil

Departamento de Ciencias Facultad de Artes Liberales Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez Santiago 8320000 Chile

Departamento de Ecología Genética y Evolución Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Universidad de Buenos Aires IEGEBA Ciudad Universitaria Pab 2 Piso 4 Buenos Aires 1426 Argentina

Department of Wildlife Fisheries and Conservation Biology University of Maine 5755 Nutting Hall Room 244 Orono ME 04469 5755 USA

Doctorado en Ciencias de la Sustentabilidad Universidad Rosario Castellanos de la Ciudad de México Ciudad de México 07969 Mexico

ECODES Grupo de Investigación en Ecología de Comunidades de Desierto IADIZA CONICET Mendoza y Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales UNCuyo Mendoza CP 5500 Argentina

Faculty of Environmental Sciences Community Ecology and Conservation Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Kamýcká 129 CZ 165 00 Prague Czech Republic

Geobiota Consultores Avenida Andrés Bello 2325 Piso 12 Santiago 7500000 Chile

Gnósis Naturaleza con Ciencia A C Guadalajara 45239 Mexico

IAMRA Universidad Nacional de Chilecito Chilecito 5360 Argentina

Independent Researcher Av Sánchez Lima 900 Torre Altavista 14F La Paz Bolivia

Instituto de Ecología Facultad de Ciencias Puras y Naturales Universidad Mayor de San Andrés La Paz 8635 Bolivia

Instituto de Ecología Regional Tucumán T4107 Argentina

Instituto de Vertebrados Zoología Fundación Miguel Lillo Miguel Lillo 251 San Miguel de Tucumán Tucumán CP 4000 Argentina

Instituto Nacional de Limnología Ciudad Universitaria Santa Fe 3000 Argentina

Investigadoras e Investigadores por México del CONACYT Dirección Regional Occidente Comala 28454 Mexico

Laboratório de Ecologia Instituto Básico de Biociências Universidade de Taubaté Curso de Pós Graduação em Ciências Ambientais Taubaté 12020040 SP Brazil

Laboratorio de Ecología Urbana Vicerrectoría de Investigación Universidad Estatal a Distancia San José 2050 Sabanilla Costa Rica

Laboratório de Ornitologia Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre 90619 900 RS Brazil

Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa Arequipa 04001 Peru

Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução da Biodiversidade Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul Av Ipiranga 6681 Prédio 40 Sala 110 B Porto Alegre 90619 900 RS Brazil

Museu de História Natural Capão da Imbuia PMC Rua Prof Benedito Conceição 407 Curitiba 82810 080 PR Brazil

North American Birds Conservation Initiative CONABIO Liga Periférico Insurgentes Sur No 4903 Parques del Pedregal Ciudad de México 14010 Mexico

Programa de Ecología Facultad de Ciencias y Biotecnología Universidad CES Calle 10A 22 04 Medellín 050021 Colombia

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