Fractures of the proximal humerus present a unique challenge in orthopedic practice due to the complex anatomy and biomechanical complexity of this region. The spectrum of injuries occurring here ranges from nondisplaced stable fractures to complex displaced fractures or fracture-dislocations. Historically, the treatment of these fractures has been the subject of much debate and treatment modalities have mainly involved a conservative approach, with surgical management being relatively rare. In recent decades, there has been a paradigm shift in the treatment of proximal humerus fractures not only due to advances in surgical techniques, but especially with the development of new types of angular-stable implants and modern total arthroplasties. The development and availability of high-quality imaging techniques have enabled better understanding of the nature of fractures and precise planning of surgical interventions. The main goals of treatment include restoration of function, pain relief and prevention of complications such as prolonged healing or non-healing and avascular necrosis. An individualized approach to each individual patient, considering all factors that affect the final outcome, appears to be essential in the choice of treatment. The aim of this review article is to provide an up-to-date overview of the current concept of treatment of proximal humerus fractures. Trends in nonoperative and operative treatment strategies, indications for each type of treatment, operative techniques, outcomes, and complications associated with each approach are summarized.

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