It has been suggested that in threatening environments, both women and men should prefer more masculine men as romantic and coalition partners, respectively. Empirical evidence for this hypothesis has been weak or inconsistent, primarily because most experimental research has focused on elevating the perceived danger from other men through virtual threats. This study investigates whether personal experience with violence predicts the preference for masculine features in 326 Senegalese participants presented with pairs of manipulated facial photographs of West African men (one more feminine, one more masculine) and asked to indicate which face is more attractive (to women) or more trustworthy (to men). The findings reveal a strong association between violence exposure and facial feature preferences. Those who experienced (particularly physical) violence showed a higher preference for masculinized faces (up to 95% in women, 82% in men) compared to the baseline (57% in women, 63% in men). This difference is proposed to reflect an adaptive strategy of prioritizing physical protection in settings with a higher incidence of violent confrontations. Much of the variance can be found between groups. The direct effect of experienced violence diminishes over time, which suggests a dynamic interplay between innate predispositions and environmental influences on aesthetic preferences.

Center for Theoretical Study Charles University Praha Czech Republic

Département d'Histoire Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar Fann Dakar Senegal

Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics Charles University Praha Czech Republic

Department of Philosophy and History of Science Charles University Praha Czech Republic

Faculté des Humanités Université de Lille Lille Hauts de France France

Institute of Archaeology Czech Academy of Sciences Praha Czech Republic

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Violence exposure is associated with preference for masculine faces: evidence from Senegal