Moth diversity on Mount Cameroon, a critical biodiversity hotspot in the Afrotropics, remains understudied despite the region's rich and unique ecosystems. In this study, 34 species of plume moths (Pterophoridae) were recorded from the Mount Cameroon region, including four species new to science: Titanoptilusbigoti Ustjuzhanin & Kovtunovich, sp. nov., Titanoptilusmurkwe Ustjuzhanin & Kovtunovich, sp. nov., Hellinsiaekonjo Ustjuzhanin & Kovtunovich, sp. nov., and Hellinsiamapanja Ustjuzhanin & Kovtunovich, sp. nov. Images of the adult type specimen and male genitalia for Titanoptilusmelanodonta Hampson, 1905 are published for the first time. In addition, 25 species are reported as new records for the Cameroonian fauna, raising the number of known Pterophoridae species in the country from 19 to 48. The results significantly expand our understanding of plume moth diversity in the region and extend the known distribution range of several species. These findings emphasise the importance of Mount Cameroon as a biodiversity hotspot within the Afrotropics. Enhanced conservation efforts are essential to preserve the unique biodiversity of Mount Cameroon, especially considering threats such as ongoing habitat degradation in some parts of the region and climate change.

Altai State University Lenina 61 Barnaul RU 656049 Russia Altai State University Barnaul Russia

Biological Institute Tomsk State University Lenina Prospekt 36 Tomsk 634050 Russia Tomsk State University Tomsk Russia

Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Faculty of Science University of Buea P O Box 63 Buea Cameroon University of Buea Buea Cameroon

Department of Ecology Faculty of Science Charles University Viničná 7 CZ 12843 Prague Czech Republic Institute of Entomology Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences České Budějovice Czech Republic

Hungarian Natural History Museum Department of Zoology Baross utca 13 H 1088 Budapest Hungary Hungarian Natural History Museum Department of Zoology Budapest Hungary

Institute of Entomology Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Branišovská 31 CZ 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic Charles University Prague Czech Republic

The Nature Conservancy Gabon Impasse Edowangani Libreville Gabon The Nature Conservancy Gabon Libreville Gabon

University of the Free State Bloemfontein South Africa

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