Temperature regulation in nonlinear and highly dynamic processes such as the continuous stirred-tank heater (CSTH) is a challenging task due to the inherent system nonlinearities and disturbances. This study proposes a novel metaheuristic-driven control strategy, combining the two degrees of freedom-PID acceleration (2DOF-PIDA) controller with the recently developed starfish optimization algorithm (SFOA) for temperature control of the CSTH process. The 2DOF-PIDA controller enhances system performance by decoupling setpoint tracking and disturbance rejection, while the SFOA ensures optimal tuning of controller parameters by leveraging its powerful exploration and exploitation capabilities. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, demonstrating improved tracking accuracy, disturbance rejection, and robustness compared to conventional methods. The combination of 2DOF-PIDA and SFOA provides a flexible and efficient solution for controlling highly nonlinear systems, with significant implications for industrial temperature regulation applications.

Applied Science Research Center Applied Science Private University Amman 11931 Jordan

Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research and Optimisation Torrens University Australia Brisbane Australia

College of Engineering University of Business and Technology Jeddah 21448 Saudi Arabia

Department of Computer Engineering Batman University Batman 72100 Turkey

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Bursa Uludag University Bursa 16059 Turkey

Department of Electrical Engineering Graphic Era Dehradun 248002 India

Department of Mechanical Engineering Bursa Uludag University Bursa 16059 Turkey

ENET Centre CEET VSB Technical University of Ostrava Ostrava 708 00 Czech Republic

Faculty of Electrical Engineering Sahand University of Technology Tabriz Iran

Graphic Era Hill University Dehradun 248002 India

Jadara University Research Center Jadara University Irbid Jordan

University Research and Innovation Center Obuda University Budapest 1034 Hungary

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