Synchronous fluctuations in species' abundance are influenced by synchrony in underlying rates of productivity and survival. However, it remains unclear how rate synchrony varies in space and time, contributes to abundance synchrony, and differs among species. Using long-term annual count (number of adults captured), adult survival and productivity (number of juveniles captured per adult) data for breeding land-birds at ringing sites across Europe, we show that synchrony is strongest and largest scale in productivity and weakest and smallest scale in counts. However, counts fluctuate more synchronously with survival than they do with productivity. These patterns hold for species which do not migrate or only migrate within Europe (European-residents) and those migrating to sub-Saharan Africa (subSaharan-migrants), but the periodicity of productivity and survival synchrony is longer in European-residents than in subSaharan-migrants. This suggests that survival and productivity synchrony may interact to weaken abundance fluctuations but are influenced by environmental drivers operating over differing timescales in European-resident and subSaharan-migrant species.

Area Avifauna Migratrice Bologna Italy

Bird Ringing Centre National Museum Praha Czech Republic

British Trust for Ornithology Thetford UK

Catalan Ornithological Institute Nat Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona Barcelona Spain

cE3C Center for Ecology Evolution and Environmental Change Departamento de Biologia Animal Faculdade de Ciências Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal

Center for Macroecology Evolution and Climate Natural History Museum od Denmark University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark

Centre de Recherches sur la Biologie des Populations d'Oiseaux Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Brunoy France

Department of Ornithology Aranzadi Sciences Society Donostia Spain

Grimma Germany

Hungarian Bird Ringing Centre Birdlife Hungary Budapest Hungary

Marine Biological Research Station Prof Dr Ioan Borcea Agigea University Alexandru Ioan Cuza of Iași Iaşi Romania

School of Biological Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich UK

Swedish Bird Ringing Centre Department for Nature and Environmental Monitoring The Swedish Museum of Natural History Stockholm Sweden

Zoology Unit The Finnish Museum of Natural History Helsinki Finland

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