Corneal repair using mesenchymal stem cell therapy faces challenges due to long-term cell survival issues. Here, we design cerium oxide with gold single-atom-based nanorobots (CeSAN-bots) for treating corneal damage in a synergistic combination with stem cells. Powered by glucose, CeSAN-bots exhibit enhanced diffusion and active motion due to the cascade reaction catalyzed by gold and cerium oxide. CeSAN-bots demonstrate a two-fold increase in cellular uptake efficiency into mesenchymal stem cells compared to passive uptake. CeSAN-bots possess intrinsic antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties, promoting corneal regeneration. Validation in a mouse corneal alkali burn model reveals an improvement in corneal clarity restoration when stem cells are incorporated with CeSAN-bots. This work presents a strategy for developing glucose-driven, enzyme-free, single-atom-based ultrasmall nanorobots with promising applications in targeted intracellular delivery in diverse biological environments.

Advanced Nanorobots and Multiscale Robotics Laboratory Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science VSB Technical University of Ostrava 17 listopadu 2172 15 Ostrava 70800 Czech Republic

Central European Institute of Technology Brno University of Technology Purkyňova 123 Brno 61200 Czech Republic

Department of Cell Biology Faculty of Science Charles University Viničná 7 Prague 12844 Czech Republic

Department of Medical Research China Medical University Hospital China Medical University No 91 Hsueh Shih Road Taichung 40402 Taiwan

Department of Toxicology and Molecular Epidemiology Institute of Experimental Medicine Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Vídeňská 1083 Prague 14200 Czech Republic

Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory Central European Institute of Technology Brno University of Technology Purkyňova 123 Brno 61200 Czech Republic

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