Rising temperatures and heat waves pose a substantial threat to crop productivity by disrupting essential physiological and reproductive processes. While plants have a genetically inherited capacity to acclimate to high temperatures, the thermotolerance capacity of many crops remains limited. This limitation leads to yield losses, which are further intensified by the increasing intensity of climate change. In this review, we explore how thermopriming enhances plant resilience by preparing plants for future heat stress (HS) events and summarize the mechanisms underlying the memory of HS (thermomemory) in different plant tissues and organs. We also discuss recent advances in priming agents, including chemical, microbial and physiological interventions, and their application strategies to extend thermotolerance beyond inherent genetic capacity. Additionally, this review examines how integrating priming strategies with genetic improvements, such as breeding and genome editing for thermotolerance traits, provides a holistic solution to mitigate the impact of climate change on agriculture. By combining these approaches, we propose a framework for developing climate-resilient crops and ensuring global food security in the face of escalating environmental challenges.This article is part of the theme issue 'Crops under stress: can we mitigate the impacts of climate change on agriculture and launch the 'Resilience Revolution'?'.

Cyprus University of Technology Limassol Cyprus

Institute of Biochemistry and Biology University of Potsdam Potsdam Germany

Institute of Biology Leiden Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands

Institute of Experimental Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic

Institute of Molecular Biosciences Goethe Universitat Frankfurt am Main Frankfurt am Main Germany

Institute of Plant Sciences Agricultural Research Organization Rishon LeZion Israel

Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay Universite Paris Saclay Gif sur Yvette France

Molecular Cell and Systems Biology University of Glasgow Glasgow UK

University of Milan Milan Italy

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