Being rooted in place, plants are faced with the challenge of responding to unfavourable local conditions. One such condition, heat stress, contributes massively to crop losses globally. Heatwaves are predicted to increase, and it is of vital importance to generate crops that are tolerant to not only heat stress but also to several other abiotic stresses (e.g. drought stress, salinity stress) to ensure that global food security is protected. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie the temperature stress response in pollen will be a significant step towards developing effective breeding strategies for high and stable production in crop plants. While most studies have focused on the vegetative phase of plant growth to understand heat stress tolerance, it is the reproductive phase that requires more attention as it is more sensitive to elevated temperatures. Every phase of reproductive development is affected by environmental challenges, including pollen and ovule development, pollen tube growth, male-female cross-talk, fertilization, and embryo development. In this review we summarize how pollen is affected by heat stress and the molecular mechanisms employed during the stress period, as revealed by classical and -omics experiments.

Laboratory of Pollen Biology Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences Rozvojová 263 Prague 6 165 02 Czech Republic

Molecular Systems Biology Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology Faculty of Life Sciences University of Vienna Althanstrasse 14 Vienna 1090 Austria

Vienna Metabolomics Center University of Vienna Althanstrasse 14 Vienna 1090 Austria

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Editorial: Advances in Pollen Research: Biology, Biotechnology, and Plant Breeding Applications