Alongside the use of fertilizer and chemical control of weeds, pests, and diseases modern breeding has been very successful in generating cultivars that have increased agricultural production several fold in favorable environments. These typically homogeneous cultivars (either homozygous inbreds or hybrids derived from inbred parents) are bred under optimal field conditions and perform well when there is sufficient water and nutrients. However, such optimal conditions are rare globally; indeed, a large proportion of arable land could be considered marginal for agricultural production. Marginal agricultural land typically has poor fertility and/or shallow soil depth, is subject to soil erosion, and often occurs in semi-arid or saline environments. Moreover, these marginal environments are expected to expand with ongoing climate change and progressive degradation of soil and water resources globally. Crop wild relatives (CWRs), most often used in breeding as sources of biotic resistance, often also possess traits adapting them to marginal environments. Wild progenitors have been selected over the course of their evolutionary history to maintain their fitness under a diverse range of stresses. Conversely, modern breeding for broad adaptation has reduced genetic diversity and increased genetic vulnerability to biotic and abiotic challenges. There is potential to exploit genetic heterogeneity, as opposed to genetic uniformity, in breeding for the utilization of marginal lands. This review discusses the adaptive traits that could improve the performance of cultivars in marginal environments and breeding strategies to deploy them.

Agriculture and Food Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Wembley WA Australia

CERZOS Departamento de Agronomía Universidad Nacional del Sur Bahía Blanca Argentina

Department of Applied Mathematics Peter the Great St Petersburg Polytechnic University Saint Petersburg Russia

Department of Botany Faculty of Science Palacký University Olomouc Czechia

Department of Geoinformatics Faculty of Sciences Palacký University Olomouc Czechia

Department of Plant and Soil Science Gund Institute for Environment University of Vermont Burlington VT United States

Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Hilario Ascasubi Argentina

The UWA Institute of Agriculture University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia

USDA Agricultural Research Service Pullman WA United States

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