The field of Neurochemistry spent decades trying to understand how the brain works, from nano to macroscale and across diverse species. Technological advancements over the years allowed researchers to better visualize and understand the cellular processes underpinning central nervous system (CNS) function. This review provides an overview of how novel models, and tools have allowed Neurochemistry researchers to investigate new and exciting research questions. We discuss the merits and demerits of different in vivo models (e.g., Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, Ratus norvegicus, and Mus musculus) as well as in vitro models (e.g., primary cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and immortalized cells) to study Neurochemical events. We also discuss how these models can be paired with cutting-edge genetic manipulation (e.g., CRISPR-Cas9 and engineered viral vectors) and imaging techniques, such as super-resolution microscopy and new biosensors, to study cellular processes of the CNS. These technological advancements provide new insight into Neurochemical events in physiological and pathological contexts, paving the way for the development of new treatments (e.g., cell and gene therapies or small molecules) that aim to treat neurological disorders by reverting the CNS to its homeostatic state.

Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK

CNRS Inserm Institut de Biologie Paris Seine Sorbonne Université Paris France

Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine Richmond Virginia USA

Department of Anatomy Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences Nnamdi Azikiwe University Anambra Nigeria

Department of Anatomy University of Medical Sciences Ondo Nigeria

Department of Biochemistry and Immunology Institute of Biological Sciences Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil

Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile

Department of Clinical Chemistry Faculty of Medical Technology Mahidol University Bangkok Thailand

Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine University of Milan Milan Italy

Department of Pharmacology Vanderbilt University Brain Institute Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee USA

Department of Psychiatry College of Medicine University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada

Discipline of Microbiology School of Life Sciences University of Kwazulu Natal Durban South Africa

Division of BioMedical Sciences University of Global Health Equity Butaro Rwanda

Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia

Food Chemistry Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science University of Wuppertal Wuppertal Germany

Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism Santiago Chile

Graduate Program in Biological Sciences Biochemistry Department of Biochemistry Institute of Health Basic Sciences Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil

Graduate Program in Health Sciences Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre Porto Alegre Brazil

ICVS 3B's PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga Portugal

Institute of Biomedical Sciences Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil

Institute of Chemistry University of Tartu Tartu Estonia

Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo De Meis Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil

Integrative Neurobiology Section National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program Baltimore Maryland USA

Laboratory for Translational Research in Neuropsychiatric Disorders Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Warsaw Poland

Laboratory of Neurochemistry Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic

Life and Health Sciences Research Institute School of Medicine University of Minho Braga Portugal

Medical Faculty Institute of Molecular Psychiatry University of Bonn Bonn Germany

Muir Maxwell Epilepsy Centre University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK

Neurotrauma and Neuroimmunology Research Group Trinity College Dublin University of Dublin Dublin Ireland

Nutrition and Toxicology Division Food Technology Department Federal Institute of Industrial Research Lagos Nigeria

School of Nursing Faculty of Health Sciences University of Botswana Garborone Botswana

Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK

The Babraham Institute Signalling Program Cambridge UK

Translational Neuropsychiatry Group Łukasiewicz Research Network PORT Polish Center for Technology Development Wroclaw Poland

Universidad de Buenos Aires CONICET Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Buenos Aires Argentina

University of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada

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