The concern associated with hydroxyapatite (HA) in dental applications is biofilm formation on the surface, causing tooth decay. Combining HA with antibacterial agents has great potential to avert biofilm formation and increase its antibacterial activity. The novelty of this study lies in the systematic optimization of HA/ZnO/GO nanocomposite synthesis using the Taguchi L9 orthogonal array method (3 factors: HA, GO, and ZnO). Unlike previous HA/GO/ZnO studies focused solely on compositional or biological evaluations, this approach identifies the optimal synthesis parameters statistically, attaining enhanced antibacterial performance. The structural arrangement of the nanocomposite was examined using XRD, TEM, and FESEM. Moreover, the successful interfacial interaction between HA, ZnO, and GO were verified in the nanocomposite through FTIR, TEM, and EDX analyses. The highest effective antibacterial activity was observed for the nanocomposite synthesised under experiment 3 (20.08 mg/mL HA, 0.03 mg/mL GO, and 4.88 mg/mL ZnO), in which the HA/ZnO/GO nanocomposite showed a significantly lower bacterial survival rate of 0.61 log₁₀ CFU/mL than that of 0.97 log₁₀ CFU/mL for pure HA. The results demonstrated the effective antibacterial properties of the nanocomposite, suggesting that the HA/ZnO/GO nanocomposite can be used in oral health applications.

Advanced Dental Science and Technology Research Centre School of Dentistry Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran

Department of Civil Engineering College of Engineering Institute of Energy Infrastructure Universiti Tenaga Nasional Jalan IKRAM UNITEN 43000 Kajang Selangor Malaysia

Division of Dental Biomaterials School of Dentistry Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran

Engineering Materials and Structures Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 54100 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technical University of Liberec Studentska 2 Liberec 461 17 Czech Republic

Institute for Nanomaterials Advanced Technologies and Innovation Technical University of Liberec Studentska 2 Liberec 461 17 Czech Republic

School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering Universiti Sains Malaysia Engineering Campus Nibong Tebal 14300 Penang Malaysia

Students Research Committee Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran

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