OBJECTIVES: Annotating carious lesions on images is challenging. For artificial intelligence (AI) applications, the aggregation of heterogeneous multi-examiner annotations into one single annotation (e.g. via majority voting, MV) is usually needed. We assessed different aggregation strategies for multi-examiner annotations of primary proximal carious lesions on orthoradial radiographs and Near-Infrared Light Transillumination (NILT) images. METHODS: A total of 1007 proximal surfaces from 522 extracted posterior teeth were assessed by five dentists. Histological analysis provided the gold standard. Surfaces were classified as (1) sound, (2) enamel lesion or (3) dentin lesion. Four label aggregation strategies - MV, Weighted Majority Voting (WMV), Dawid-Skene (DS), and multi-annotator competence estimation (MACE) - were applied to unimodal (radiographs, NILT) and multimodal (combined) datasets. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) was the primary outcome metric. RESULTS: According to the gold standard, 637 (63 %) surfaces were sound, 280 (28 %) showed carious lesions limited to the enamel, and 90 (9 %) showed lesions extending into the dentin. For radiographs, aggregation using MACE outperformed MV, WMV and DS significantly across all lesion depths (p < 0.002). For NILT, MACE significantly outperformed MV across all lesion depths (p < 0.001) and DS for enamel and dentin lesions (p ≤ 0.002). In the multimodal dataset, DS outperformed the other label aggregation strategies across all lesion depths significantly (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The commonly applied MV may be suboptimal. There is a need for informed application of specific aggregation strategies, depending on the dataset characteristics. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Most AI applications for dental image analysis are trained on a single annotation, usually resulting from aggregated multi-examiner annotations of each image. However, since these annotations are usually aggregated in an in vivo setting where no definitive ground truth is available, the choice of aggregation strategy plays a crucial role.
- MeSH
- dentin patologie diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- počítačové zpracování obrazu * metody MeSH
- rentgendiagnostika zubní MeSH
- ROC křivka MeSH
- transiluminace MeSH
- umělá inteligence MeSH
- zubní kaz * diagnostické zobrazování patologie MeSH
- zubní sklovina diagnostické zobrazování patologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- biosklo, desenzitizéry,
- MeSH
- biokompatibilní materiály * terapeutické užití MeSH
- čištění zubů MeSH
- citlivost dentinu * terapie MeSH
- dentin diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- klinická studie jako téma metody přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- klinické laboratorní techniky MeSH
- kyselina mléčná MeSH
- látky desenzibilizující dentin terapeutické užití MeSH
- mikroskopie MeSH
- spektrální analýza metody MeSH
- zubní krček patologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- klinická studie MeSH
- MeSH
- avulze zubu diagnóza terapie MeSH
- dentin diagnostické zobrazování zranění MeSH
- fraktury zubů diagnostické zobrazování klasifikace terapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- parodont diagnostické zobrazování zranění MeSH
- úrazy zubů * diagnostické zobrazování klasifikace ošetřování terapie MeSH
- zubní kořen diagnostické zobrazování zranění MeSH
- zubní korunka (anatomie) zranění MeSH
- zubní sklovina diagnostické zobrazování zranění MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Using the distal molar of a minipig as a model, we studied changes in the microstructural characteristics of apatite crystallites during enamel maturation (16-23 months of postnatal age), and their effects upon the mechanical properties of the enamel coat. The slow rate of tooth development in a pig model enabled us to reveal essential heterochronies in particular components of the maturation process. The maturation changes began along the enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) of the trigonid, spreading subsequently to the outer layers of the enamel coat to appear at the surface zone with a 2-month delay. Correspondingly, at the distal part of the tooth the timing of maturation processes is delayed by 3-5 month compared to the mesial part of the tooth. The early stage of enamel maturation (16-20 months), when the enamel coat is composed almost exclusively of radial prismatic enamel, is characterized by a gradual increase in crystallite thickness (by a mean monthly increment of 3.8 nm); and an increase in the prism width and thickness of crystals composed of elementary crystallites. The late stage of maturation (the last two months prior to tooth eruption), marked with the rapid appearance of the interprismatic matrix (IPM) during which the crystals densely infill spaces between prisms, is characterized by an abrupt decrease in microstrain and abrupt changes in the micromechanical properties of the enamel: a rapid increase in its ability to resist long-term load and its considerable hardening. The results suggest that in terms of crystallization dynamics the processes characterizing the early and late stage of mammalian enamel maturation represent distinct entities. In regards to common features with enamel formation in the tribosphenic molar we argue that the separation of these processes could be a common apomorphy of mammalian amelogenetic dynamics in general.
- MeSH
- dentin diagnostické zobrazování metabolismus MeSH
- krystalografie MeSH
- miniaturní prasata MeSH
- moláry diagnostické zobrazování růst a vývoj MeSH
- prasata MeSH
- prořezávání zubů fyziologie MeSH
- zubní sklovina diagnostické zobrazování metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
