ADHD is a common chronic neurodevelopmental disorder and is characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity and are often accompanied by learning and memory impairment. Great evidence has shown that learning and memory impairment of ADHD plays an important role in its executive function deficits, which seriously affects the development of academic, cognitive and daily social skills and will cause a serious burden on families and society. With the increasing attention paid to learning and memory impairment in ADHD, relevant research is gradually increasing. In this article, we will present the current research results of learning and memory impairment in ADHD from the following aspects. Firstly, the animal models of ADHD, which display the core symptoms of ADHD as well as with learning and memory impairment. Secondly, the molecular mechanism of has explored, including some neurotransmitters, receptors, RNAs, etc. Thirdly, the susceptibility gene of ADHD related to the learning and impairment in order to have a more comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis. Key words: Learning and memory, ADHD, Review.

• MeSH
• Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity * psychology   genetics   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Disease Models, Animal MeSH
• Memory MeSH
• Memory Disorders * psychology   etiology   MeSH
• Learning Disabilities psychology   etiology   MeSH
• Learning MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH

BACKGROUND: From 2012 to 2013, there was a mass methanol poisoning outbreak in the Czech Republic. Methanol metabolites can cause specific lesions in the basal ganglia, subcortical white matter, and optic nerve. However, long-term sequelae of methanol poisoning on cognitive functioning have not yet been explored. The current study aimed to delineate the cognitive changes observed in methanol poisoning survivors in the seven years since 2012. METHODS: We conducted longitudinal research with repeated measurements in 2013, 2015, 2017 and 2019 to evaluate the development of cognitive changes after acute methanol poisoning. A complex neuropsychological battery consisted of tests of global cognitive performance, auditory and visual attention, executive functioning, learning and memory, working memory and language. Motor performance measures and depression scale were also included. RESULTS: Repeated measures ANOVA of four measurements with post-hoc tests showed a significant decline in the Mini-Mental State Examination (p = 0.007); however, other parameters were not significantly decreasing. In comparison to normative values, the z-scores for each test measure, in the memory domain, in particular, ranged from 43 to 60 % of participants below 1.5 SD. Mild to severe depression levels from the onset of poisoning improved during the seven years, returning to normal in up to 27 % of participants. CONCLUSION: In the longitudinal perspective, methanol poisoning survivors manifest progressive global cognitive decline and overall persistent below-average cognitive performance with some improvements in the frequency of depressive symptoms.

• MeSH
• Time Factors MeSH
• Depression chemically induced   diagnosis   epidemiology   psychology   MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Memory, Episodic * MeSH
• Cognition drug effects   MeSH
• Cognitive Dysfunction chemically induced   diagnosis   epidemiology   psychology   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Longitudinal Studies MeSH
• Methanol poisoning   MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Neuropsychological Tests MeSH
• Neurotoxicity Syndromes diagnosis   epidemiology   psychology   MeSH
• Memory Disorders chemically induced   diagnosis   epidemiology   psychology   MeSH
• Prevalence MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Geographicals
• Czech Republic MeSH

OBJECTIVE: It is assumed that temporal lobe resection in older people is associated with worse seizure outcomes and potential postsurgical memory decline. We studied postsurgical memory development and surgical efficacy in patients over 45 years of age compared with younger patients. METHODS: We studied 88 patients (51 male and 37 female) after temporal lobe surgery, which involved hippocampal resection. The patients were evaluated before surgery and in the first (72 patients) and/or third (57 patients) postsurgical year. The Wechsler Memory Scale III test was performed to evaluate the MQ postsurgical development. Engel's classification was used to evaluate the postsurgical seizure outcome. RESULTS: The presurgical MQ (median 88) in ≥45 years age group was significantly lower than in both younger groups (median MQ = 100 for ≤30 years age group, p = 0.002; median MQ = 107 for 31-44 years age group, p = 0.002). Three years after the surgery, the MQ decreased significantly in ≤30 years age group (p = 0.012), while only non-significant MQ decline was observed in both older groups. We found no significant impact of age on the surgical outcome. CONCLUSION: Higher age at the time of surgery does not significantly increase the risk for postsurgical memory decline; however, older patients are more likely to have lowered presurgical MQ. We did not find significant differences in the impact of surgery on seizure outcome among the age groups. Epilepsy surgery appears to be a safe and effective method in the age over 45 years even though an earlier surgery should be preferred.

• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe diagnosis   psychology   surgery   MeSH
• Hippocampus surgery   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Follow-Up Studies MeSH
• Neurosurgical Procedures adverse effects   psychology   trends   MeSH
• Memory physiology   MeSH
• Memory Disorders diagnosis   psychology   MeSH
• Preoperative Care methods   psychology   MeSH
• Prospective Studies MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Temporal Lobe surgery   MeSH
• Treatment Outcome MeSH
• Wechsler Scales MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

BACKGROUND: Subjective cognitive complaints (SCCs) may represent an early cognitive marker of Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is a need to identify specific SCCs associated with an increased likelihood of underlying AD. OBJECTIVE: Using the Questionnaire of Cognitive Complaints (QPC), we evaluated the pattern of SCCs in a clinical sample of non-demented older adults in comparison to cognitively healthy community-dwelling volunteers (HV). METHODS: In total, 142 non-demented older adults from the Czech Brain Aging Study referred to two memory clinics for their SCCs were classified as having subjective cognitive decline (SCD, n = 85) or amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI, n = 57) based on a neuropsychological evaluation. Furthermore, 82 age-, education-, and gender-matched HV were recruited. All subjects completed the QPC assessing the presence of specific SCCs in the last six months. RESULTS: Both SCD and aMCI groups reported almost two times more SCCs than HV, but they did not differ from each other in the total QPC score. Impression of memory change and Impression of worse memory in comparison to peers were significantly more prevalent in both SCD and aMCI groups in comparison to HV; however, only the latter one was associated with lower cognitive performance. CONCLUSION: The pattern of QPC-SCCs reported by SCD individuals was more similar to aMCI individuals than to HV. A complaint about memory change seems unspecific to pathological aging whereas a complaint about worse memory in comparison to peers might be one of the promising items from QPC questionnaire potentially reflecting subtle cognitive changes.

• MeSH
• Cognition physiology   MeSH
• Cognitive Dysfunction psychology   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Neuropsychological Tests MeSH
• Memory physiology   MeSH
• Memory Disorders psychology   MeSH
• Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
• Aged, 80 and over MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Aging psychology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged, 80 and over MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

BACKGROUND: Subjective cognitive complaints (SCCs) may represent an early cognitive marker of Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is a need to identify specific SCCs associated with an increased likelihood of underlying AD. OBJECTIVE: Using the Questionnaire of Cognitive Complaints (QPC), we evaluated the pattern of SCCs in a clinical sample of non-demented older adults in comparison to cognitively healthy community-dwelling volunteers (HV). METHODS: In total, 142 non-demented older adults from the Czech Brain Aging Study referred to two memory clinics for their SCCs were classified as having subjective cognitive decline (SCD, n = 85) or amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI, n = 57) based on a neuropsychological evaluation. Furthermore, 82 age-, education-, and gender-matched HV were recruited. All subjects completed the QPC assessing the presence of specific SCCs in the last six months. RESULTS: Both SCD and aMCI groups reported almost two times more SCCs than HV, but they did not differ from each other in the total QPC score. Impression of memory change and Impression of worse memory in comparison to peers were significantly more prevalent in both SCD and aMCI groups in comparison to HV; however, only the latter one was associated with lower cognitive performance. CONCLUSION: The pattern of QPC-SCCs reported by SCD individuals was more similar to aMCI individuals than to HV. A complaint about memory change seems unspecific to pathological aging whereas a complaint about worse memory in comparison to peers might be one of the promising items from QPC questionnaire potentially reflecting subtle cognitive changes.

• MeSH
• Cognition physiology   MeSH
• Cognitive Dysfunction psychology   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Neuropsychological Tests MeSH
• Memory physiology   MeSH
• Memory Disorders psychology   MeSH
• Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
• Aged, 80 and over MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Aging psychology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged, 80 and over MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

Cieľ: Viacfaktorový dotazník pamäti slúži na subjektívne posúdenie pamäti z perspektívy prežívania, výskytu kognitívnych omylov a využitia pamäťových stratégií. Cieľom výskumu je poskytnúť normatívne údaje k tomuto dotazníku u ľudí vo vyššom veku (viac ako 65 rokov). Materiál a metóda: Výskumný súbor tvorilo 157 participantov, ktorým bol administrovaný Viacfaktorový dotazník pamäti. Zber dát bol realizovaný v rámci projektu NEUROPSY v rokoch 2017-2018 vo všetkých regiónoch Slovenskej republiky. V aktuálnom príspevku sú analyzované v súvislosti s Viacfaktorovým dotazníkom pamäti metódy Montrealský kognitívny test, Poviedka a Opakovanie čísel. Výsledky: Analýza vzťahov k demografickým premenným, ako vek, pohlavie a počet rokov vzdelania, nezistila silné vzťahy. Celkové skóre v subškále Stratégie slabo korelovalo s celkovým skóre v teste MoCA. Ostatné vzťahy k objektívnym mieram kognície neboli štatisticky významné. Všetky subškály vykazovali vysokú mieru vnútornej konzistencie. Súčasťou výsledkov sú normatívne údaje pre celý súbor. Záver: Výsledky preukázali, že slovenská verzia Viacfaktorového dotazníka pamäti vykazuje vysokú mieru vnútornej konzistencie vo všetkých subškálach a nevykazuje silné vzťahy k demografickým premenným ani objektívnym mieram pamäti. Normatívne údaje umožnia v praxi presne kvantifikovať subjektívnych sťažností na pamäť.

Objective: Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire enables subjective assessment of memory from the perspective of satisfaction with memory functioning, self-appraisal of memory abilities, and self-reported use of memory strategies. The aim of the current study is to provide normative data to the questionnaire for people in older age (more than 65 years). Method: The sample consisted of 157 participants, who completed the Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire. The data collection was carried out within the project NEUROPSY in 2017?2018 in all regions of Slovakia. In current paper relationship between Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire and objective measures of cognition Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Story recall, and Digit Span are being analysed. Results: Analysis of the relations to demographic variables as age, sex and years of education did not reveal strong relationship. Overall score in subscale Strategy weakly correlated with overall score in MoCA. Other relations to objective measures of cognition were not statistically significant. All the subscales appear to have high internal consistency. A part of results are normative data for overall sample. Conclusion: The results revealed that Slovak version of Multifactorial memory questionnaire has high level of internal consistency in all subscales and is not strongly related to any demographic variables, nor objective memory assessment. Normative data enable to quantify subjective memory complaints in praxis.

• MeSH
• Data Interpretation, Statistical MeSH
• Cognitive Aging psychology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Neurobehavioral Manifestations MeSH
• Neuropsychology MeSH
• Memory Disorders psychology   MeSH
• Psychometrics methods   statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Aged * psychology   statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Memory and Learning Tests * statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Self Report statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Aged * psychology   statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Publication type
• Evaluation Study MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to investigate if prospective memory (PM) is impaired in idiopathic rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (iRBD). RBD is a parasomnia characterized by dream enactment and by REM sleep without muscle atonia. iRBD is considered as the initial stage of neurodegeneration with pathological storage of alpha-synuclein. METHOD: Sixty iRBD patients with polysomnography-confirmed RBD without parkinsonism and dementia and 30 demographically matched normal controls (NC) were enrolled in the present study. Clinical assessment included Movement Disorders Society-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS), dopamine transporter single-photon emission computed tomography (DaT-SPECT) for imaging synapses of dopaminergic neurons in the striatum and a neuropsychological battery with embedded time-based and event-based PM measures. RESULTS: iRBD differed significantly from NC in event-based PM, a number of event-based failures to recall intention and total PM performance (all p < .001) but did not differ in time-based PM and recognition. PM did not contribute to impairment of instrumental activities of daily living in iRBD. Despite being preserved in iRBD in comparison to NC, time-based PM correlated significantly with dopaminergic neuronal loss measured by DaT-SPECT. CONCLUSIONS: We show evidence for a differential pattern of PM impairment in iRBD with severe impairment of event-based and concurrent preservation of time-based PM. We theorize that event-based PM impairment in iRBD is caused by severe impairment of retention and recognition mechanisms in episodic memory whereas time-based PM seems to be affected by reduced striatal dopaminergic synapses.

• MeSH
• Activities of Daily Living psychology   MeSH
• Memory, Episodic * MeSH
• Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon methods   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Neuropsychological Tests MeSH
• Polysomnography methods   MeSH
• REM Sleep Behavior Disorder diagnostic imaging   epidemiology   psychology   MeSH
• Memory Disorders diagnostic imaging   epidemiology   psychology   MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Check Tag
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The aim was to report the clinical characteristics of 12 patients with limbic encephalitis (LE) who were antibody-negative after a comprehensive immunological study. METHODS: The clinical records of 163 patients with LE were reviewed. Immunohistochemistry on rat brain, cultured neurons and cell-based assays were used to identify neuronal autoantibodies. Patients were included if (i) there was adequate clinical, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and magnetic resonance imaging information to classify the syndrome as LE, (ii) magnetic resonance images were accessible for central review and (iii) serum and CSF were available and were confirmed negative for neuronal antibodies. RESULTS: Twelve (7%) of 163 LE patients [median age 62 years; range 40-79; 9 (75%) male] without neuronal autoantibodies were identified. The most frequent initial complaints were deficits in short-term memory leading to hospital admission in a few weeks (median time 2 weeks; range 0.5-12). In four patients the short-term memory dysfunction remained as an isolated symptom during the entire course of the disease. Seizures, drowsiness and psychiatric problems were unusual. Four patients had solid tumors (one lung, one esophagus, two metastatic cervical adenopathies of unknown primary tumor) and one chronic lymphocytic leukemia. CSF showed pleocytosis in seven (58%) with a median of 13 white blood cells/mm3 (range 9-25). Immunotherapy included corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulins and combinations of both drugs or with rituximab. Clinical improvement occurred in six (54%) of 11 assessable patients. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the discovery of new antibodies, 7% of LE patients remain seronegative. Antibody-negative LE is more frequent in older males and usually develops with predominant or isolated short-term memory loss. Despite the absence of antibodies, patients may have an underlying cancer and respond to immunotherapy.

• MeSH
• Autoantigens immunology   MeSH
• Autoantibodies analysis   MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Immunohistochemistry MeSH
• Immunotherapy MeSH
• Memory, Short-Term MeSH
• Rats MeSH
• Cells, Cultured MeSH
• Leukocytosis MeSH
• Leukocytes immunology   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Limbic Encephalitis immunology   psychology   therapy   MeSH
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging MeSH
• Neoplasms complications   MeSH
• Neurons immunology   MeSH
• Memory Disorders etiology   psychology   MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Treatment Outcome MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Rats MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH

RATIONALE: There is a persistent pressing need for valid animal models of cognitive and mnemonic disruptions (such as seen in Alzheimer's disease and other dementias) usable for preclinical research. OBJECTIVES: We have set out to test the validity of administration of biperiden, an M1-acetylcholine receptor antagonist with central selectivity, as a potential tool for generating a fast screening model of cognitive impairment, in outbred Wistar rats. METHODS: We used several variants of the Morris water maze task: (1) reversal learning, to assess cognitive flexibility, with probe trials testing memory retention; (2) delayed matching to position (DMP), to evaluate working memory; and (3) "counter-balanced acquisition," to test for possible anomalies in acquisition learning. We also included a visible platform paradigm to reveal possible sensorimotor and motivational deficits. RESULTS: A significant effect of biperiden on memory acquisition and retention was found in the counter-balanced acquisition and probe trials of the counter-balanced acquisition and reversal tasks. Strikingly, a less pronounced deficit was observed in the DMP. No effects were revealed in the reversal learning task. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our results, we do not recommend biperiden as a reliable tool for modeling cognitive impairment.

• MeSH
• Alzheimer Disease psychology   MeSH
• Muscarinic Antagonists pharmacology   MeSH
• Biperiden pharmacology   MeSH
• Maze Learning drug effects   MeSH
• Behavior, Animal drug effects   MeSH
• Cognitive Dysfunction psychology   MeSH
• Memory, Short-Term drug effects   MeSH
• Rats * MeSH
• Disease Models, Animal * MeSH
• Memory Disorders psychology   MeSH
• Rats, Wistar MeSH
• Reversal Learning drug effects   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Rats * MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

Methanol poisoning leads to lesions in the basal ganglia and subcortical white matter, as well as to demyelination and atrophy of the optic nerve. However, information regarding cognitive deficits in a large methanol sample is lacking. The principal aim of the present study was to identify the cognitive sequelae of methanol poisoning and their morphological correlates. A sample of 50 patients (METH; age 48 ± 13 years), 3-8 months after methanol poisoning, and 57 control subjects (CS; age 49 ± 13 years) were administered a neuropsychological battery. Forty-six patients were followed in 2 years' perspective. Patients additionally underwent 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Three biochemical and toxicological metabolic markers and a questionnaire regarding alcohol abuse facilitated the classification of 24 patients with methanol poisoning without alcohol abuse (METHna) and 22 patients with methanol poisoning and alcohol abuse (METHa). All groups were compared to a control group of similar size, and matched for age, education, premorbid intelligence level, global cognitive performance, and level of depressive symptoms. Using hierarchical multiple regression we found significant differences between METH and CS, especially in executive and memory domains. METHa showed a similar pattern of cognitive impairment with generally more severe executive dysfunction. Moreover, all METH patients with extensive involvement on brain MRI (lesions in ≥2 anatomical regions) had a more severe cognitive impairment. From a longitudinal perspective, we did not find any changes in their cognitive functioning after 2 years' follow-up. Our findings suggest that methanol poisoning is associated with executive dysfunction and explicit memory impairment, supposedly due to basal ganglia dysfunction and disruption of frontostriatal circuitry proportional to the number of brain lesions, and that these changes are persistent after 2 years' follow-up.

• MeSH
• Time Factors MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Executive Function * MeSH
• Cognition Disorders chemically induced   diagnostic imaging   psychology   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Longitudinal Studies MeSH
• Methanol poisoning   MeSH
• Follow-Up Studies MeSH
• Neuropsychological Tests MeSH
• Memory Disorders chemically induced   diagnostic imaging   psychology   MeSH
• Cross-Sectional Studies MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH