It was shown earlier that dogs, when selecting between two dishes with snacks placed in front of them, left and right, prefer to turn either clockwise or counterclockwise or randomly in either direction. This preference (or non-preference) is individually consistent in all trials but it is biased in favor of north if they choose between dishes positioned north and east or north and west, a phenomenon denoted as "pull of the north". Here, we replicated these experiments indoors, in magnetic coils, under natural magnetic field and under magnetic field shifted 90° clockwise. We demonstrate that "pull of the north" was present also in an environment without any outdoor cues and that the magnetic (and not topographic) north exerted the effect. The detailed analysis shows that the phenomenon involves also "repulsion of the south". The clockwise turning preference in the right-preferring dogs is more pronounced in the S-W combination, while the counterclockwise turning preference in the left-preferring dogs is pronounced in the S-E combination. In this way, south-placed dishes are less frequently chosen than would be expected, while the north-placed dishes are apparently more preferred. Turning preference did not correlate with the motoric paw laterality (Kong test). Given that the choice of a dish is visually guided, we postulate that the turning preference was determined by the dominant eye, so that a dominant right eye resulted in clockwise, and a dominant left eye in counterclockwise turning. Assuming further that magnetoreception in canines is based on the radical-pair mechanism, a "conflict of interests" may be expected, if the dominant eye guides turning away from north, yet the contralateral eye "sees the north", which generally acts attractive, provoking body alignment along the north-south axis.

• MeSH
• chování zvířat fyziologie   MeSH
• magnetické pole * MeSH
• podněty * MeSH
• prostorové chování fyziologie   MeSH
• psi MeSH
• změna polohy v prostoru fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• psi MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

We used the psychotomimetic phencyclidine (PCP) to investigate the relationships among cognitive behavior, coordinated neural network function, and information processing within the hippocampus place cell system. We report in rats that PCP (5 mg/kg, i.p.) impairs a well learned, hippocampus-dependent place avoidance behavior in rats that requires cognitive control even when PCP is injected directly into dorsal hippocampus. PCP increases 60-100 Hz medium-freguency gamma oscillations in hippocampus CA1 and these increases correlate with the cognitive impairment caused by systemic PCP administration. PCP discoordinates theta-modulated medium-frequency and slow gamma oscillations in CA1 LFPs such that medium-frequency gamma oscillations become more theta-organized than slow gamma oscillations. CA1 place cell firing fields are preserved under PCP, but the drug discoordinates the subsecond temporal organization of discharge among place cells. This discoordination causes place cell ensemble representations of a familiar space to cease resembling pre-PCP representations despite preserved place fields. These findings point to the cognitive impairments caused by PCP arising from neural discoordination. PCP disrupts the timing of discharge with respect to the subsecond timescales of theta and gamma oscillations in the LFP. Because these oscillations arise from local inhibitory synaptic activity, these findings point to excitation-inhibition discoordination as the root of PCP-induced cognitive impairment.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Hippocampal neural discharge is temporally coordinated on timescales of theta and gamma oscillations in the LFP and the discharge of a subset of pyramidal neurons called "place cells" is spatially organized such that discharge is restricted to locations called a cell's "place field." Because this temporal coordination and spatial discharge organization is thought to represent spatial knowledge, we used the psychotomimetic phencyclidine (PCP) to disrupt cognitive behavior and assess the importance of neural coordination and place fields for spatial cognition. PCP impaired the judicious use of spatial information and discoordinated hippocampal discharge without disrupting firing fields. These findings dissociate place fields from spatial cognitive behavior and suggest that hippocampus discharge coordination is crucial to spatial cognition.

• MeSH
• fencyklidin aplikace a dávkování   toxicita   MeSH
• halucinogeny aplikace a dávkování   toxicita   MeSH
• hipokampální oblast CA1 účinky léků   patofyziologie   MeSH
• injekce intraventrikulární MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• lokomoce účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• nervová síť účinky léků   patofyziologie   MeSH
• potkani Long-Evans MeSH
• prostorové chování účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• učení vyhýbat se účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The function of adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus is not yet completely understood, though many competing theories have attempted to explain the function of these newly-generated neurons. Most theories give adult neurogenesis a role in aiding known hippocampal/dentate gyrus functions. Other theories offer a novel role for these new cells based on their unique physiological qualities, such as their low excitability threshold. Many behavioral tests have been used to test these theories, but results have been inconsistent and often contradictory. Substantial variability in tests and protocols may be at least partially responsible for the mixed results. On the other hand, conflicting results arising from the same tests can serve as aids in elucidating the function of adult neurogenesis. Here, we offer a hypothesis that considers the cognitive nature of tasks commonly used to assess the function of adult neurogenesis, and introduce a dichotomy between tasks focused on discrimination vs. generalization. We view these two aspects as opposite ends of the continuous spectrum onto which traditional tests can be mapped. We propose that high neurogenesis favors behavioral discrimination while low adult neurogenesis favors behavioral generalization of a knowledge or rule. Since many tasks require both, the effects of neurogenesis could be cancelled out in many cases. Although speculative, we hope that our view presents an interesting and testable hypothesis of the effect of adult neurogenesis in traditional behavioral tasks. We conclude that new, carefully designed behavioral tests may be necessary to reach a final consensus on the role of adult neurogenesis in behavior.

• MeSH
• diskriminační učení fyziologie   MeSH
• hipokampus cytologie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neurogeneze fyziologie   MeSH
• prostorové chování fyziologie   MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Although animals often learn and monitor the spatial properties of relevant moving objects such as conspecifics and predators to properly organize their own spatial behavior, the underlying brain substrate has received little attention and hence remains elusive. Because the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) participates in conflict monitoring and effort-based decision making, and ACC neurons respond to objects in the environment, it may also play a role in the monitoring of moving cues and exerting the appropriate spatial response. We used a robot avoidance task in which a rat had to maintain at least a 25cm distance from a small programmable robot to avoid a foot shock. In successive sessions, we trained ten Long Evans male rats to avoid a fast-moving robot (4cm/s), a stationary robot, and a slow-moving robot (1cm/s). In each condition, the ACC was transiently inactivated by bilateral injections of muscimol in the penultimate session and a control saline injection was given in the last session. Compared to the corresponding saline session, ACC-inactivated rats received more shocks when tested in the fast-moving condition, but not in the stationary or slow robot conditions. Furthermore, ACC-inactivated rats less frequently responded to an approaching robot with appropriate escape responses although their response to shock stimuli remained preserved. Since we observed no effect on slow or stationary robot avoidance, we conclude that the ACC may exert cognitive efforts for monitoring dynamic updating of the position of an object, a role complementary to the dorsal hippocampus.

• MeSH
• agonisté receptorů GABA-A farmakologie   MeSH
• cingulární gyrus účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• muscimol farmakologie   MeSH
• neurony účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• podněty MeSH
• potkani Long-Evans MeSH
• pozornost účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• prostorové chování účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• reakční čas fyziologie   MeSH
• učení vyhýbat se účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Eusocial species of African mole-rats live in groups cooperating on multiple tasks and employing division of labour. In captivity, individuals of the same group differ in cooperative contribution as well as in preference for a particular task. Both can be viewed as polyethism. However, little information is available from free-ranging mole-rats, which live in large burrow systems. We made an attempt to detect polyethism in the free-living Ansell's mole-rat (Fukomys anselli) as differences in individuals' space-use patterns. We radio-tracked 17 adults from five groups. Large individuals, including breeding males, spent more time inside the nest than smaller individuals. Breeding females were more often located <10 m from the nest in comparison to non-breeding females, who were relatively more often located 30-90 m and exclusively >90 m from the nest. One non-breeding female even conducted a brief intrusion into a neighbouring group's territory via an open tunnel connection. A significant part of the variability in mole-rat space-use patterns was explained by body mass which is probably related to age in this species. This result can therefore be attributed to age polyethism. There was no apparent discontinuity in the space-use patterns of non-breeders that would indicate existence of castes.

• MeSH
• kooperační chování * MeSH
• mikroftalmičtí podzemní hlodavci fyziologie   MeSH
• prostorové chování fyziologie   MeSH
• rozmnožování fyziologie   MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• společenská třída MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Zambie MeSH

• MeSH
• hipokampus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• prostorová navigace * fyziologie   MeSH
• prostorová paměť fyziologie   MeSH
• prostorové chování fyziologie   MeSH
• prostorové učení * fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

Intenzívny výskum v posledných rokoch priniesol množstvo zaujímavých dôkazov o rozmanitosti účinkov testosterónu. Pohľad na testosterón sa tým podstatne rozšíril. Okrem všeobecne známych účinkov na morfológiu a sexuálne charakteristiky sa do popredia dostáva aj jeho vplyv na kognitívne charakteristiky, správanie a intelekt v prenatálnom aj postnatálnom období. Úloha steroidných hormónov bola jednoznačne preukázaná v množstve procesov esenciálnych pre architektúru mozgu a jeho fungovanie. Táto práca prináša prehľad vybraných poznatkov o tom, ako testosterón organizuje mozog prenatálne a aktivuje jeho fungovanie postnatálne. Vplyv testosterónu je sledovaný vo vzťahu k rozmanitým psychologickým, behaviorálnym či sociálnym charakteristikám. Prehľad je zameraný najmä na zhrnutie poznatkov o vplyve testosterónu a jeho metabolizmu na vybrané kognitívne charakteristiky (najmä priestorové a verbálne schopnosti, systemizácia, empatia). Predstavuje tiež testosterón ako možný etiologický faktor intelektového nadania.

The intensive research in the last years brought a lot of interesting evidence concerning the variety of effects of testosterone. The view on testosterone was thus substantially broadened. Except of generally known effects on morphology and sexual characteristics, its influence on cognitive characteristics, behavior, and intellect in both the prenatal and postnatal period gets to the foreground. The role of steroid hormones was unambiguously proved in many processes essential for the brain architecture and its functioning. The paper brings the overview of selected findings about testosterone organizing the brain in the prenatal period and activating its functioning in the postnatal period. The influence of testosterone is followed in the relation to diverse psychological, behavioral, and social characteristics. The overview focuses especially on summing up the knowledge about the influence of testosterone and its metabolism on selected cognitive characteristics (namely spatial and verbal abilities, systemization, empathy). It presents testosterone also as a possible etiological factor of intellect endowment.

• Klíčová slova
• genialita,
• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• empatie fyziologie   MeSH
• inteligence * fyziologie   MeSH
• kognice * fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozek fyziologie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• nadání fyziologie   MeSH
• prostorové chování fyziologie   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• testosteron * fyziologie   MeSH
• verbální chování fyziologie   MeSH
• vývoj dítěte fyziologie   MeSH
• vývoj plodu fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• prostorově-orientační a koordinační schopnosti, tréninkové programy,
• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• fotbal * fyziologie   psychologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• motorické dovednosti fyziologie   klasifikace   MeSH
• prostorové chování * fyziologie   MeSH
• psychologické testy normy   MeSH
• sporty MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• tělesná výchova MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH

Nogo-A protein is an important inhibitor of axonal growth, which also regulates neuronal plasticity in the CNS. Mutations in the gene encoding Nogo-A or abnormalities in Nogo-A expression are linked to neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. The present study assesses the impact of constitutively reduced expression of Nogo-A on place navigation in a novel transgenic rat model. Two spatial paradigms were used: (1) A battery of tests in the Carousel maze requiring continuous processing of spatial information with increasing demands for the segregation of reference frames and behavioral flexibility and (2) a delayed-matching-to-place version of the Morris water maze (MWM), which requires place navigation and is sensitive to deficits in one-trial-encoded place representation. The Carousel maze testing revealed a subtle but significant impairment in management of reference frames. Matching-to-place learning in the Morris water maze was unaffected, suggesting an intact representation of an unmarked goal. Our results show that Nogo-A deficiency leads to cognitive deficit in processing of the reference frames. Such a deficit may be the result of neuro-developmental alterations resulting from Nogo-A deficiency.

• MeSH
• bludiště - učení fyziologie   MeSH
• down regulace * MeSH
• genový knockdown MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• myelinové proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• potkani Sprague-Dawley MeSH
• potkani transgenní MeSH
• prostorové chování fyziologie   MeSH
• učení vyhýbat se fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Prostorová navigace a paměť je považována za součást systému deklarativní paměti (paměti pro fakta a události) a je široce používána jako zvířecí model vyšších kognitivních funkcí člověka. Nicméně prostorové testy obvykle zahrnují pouze statické nastavení prostředí, a to navzdory dynamickému charakteru reálného světa. Zvířata, stejně jako lidé, neustále interagují s pohybujícími se objekty, jinými subjekty nebo dokonce celými pohyblivými prostředími (např. pohybujícím se stádem, městskými eskalátory apod.). Proto navrhujeme nové prostorové testy v dynamickém prostředí ke studiu mozkových mechanismů prostorového zpracování v pohyblivém prostředí v kombinaci s moderními farmakologickými, neuroanatomickými a molekulárními technikami. Představíme také poznatky z neurofarmakologických studií a jejich význam pro vývoj nových terapeutických přístupů k neuropsychiatrickým poruchám a citlivějších screeningových testů pro postižení paměti, myšlení a chování.

Spatial navigation and memory is considered to a part of declarative memory system (remembering facts and events) and is widely used as animal model of human higher cognitive functions. Nonetheless, spatial test in laboratory conditions often investigate these phenomena in static settings, despite dynamic character of our world. Animals as well as humans often interact with moving objects or event moving environments (moving herd, running stairways) etc. Therefore, we design spatial tests in dynamic environments for study of brain mechanisms of such behaviors in connection with pharmacological, neuroanatomical and molecular approaches. In this minireview, we will also introduce issues from neuropsychopharmacological studies and their relevance for development of novel therapeutic interventions and development of sensitive screening test for neuropsychiatric disorders.

• Klíčová slova
• prostorvá navigace,
• MeSH
• dizocilpinmaleát aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus fyziologie   psychologie   MeSH
• laboratorní zvířata fyziologie   psychologie   MeSH
• lidé fyziologie   psychologie   MeSH
• neurofarmakologie metody   MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• obsedantně kompulzivní porucha farmakoterapie   psychologie   terapie   MeSH
• orientace fyziologie   MeSH
• paměť fyziologie   MeSH
• prostorová paměť MeSH
• prostorové chování fyziologie   MeSH
• učení fyziologie   MeSH
• vnímání prostoru fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus fyziologie   psychologie   MeSH
• lidé fyziologie   psychologie   MeSH