• MeSH
• Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use   MeSH
• Bartonella isolation & purification   classification   drug effects   MeSH
• Epidemiology MeSH
• Bartonella Infections diagnosis   drug therapy   classification   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Risk Factors MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Review MeSH

• MeSH
• Disease Outbreaks veterinary   MeSH
• Communicable Diseases, Emerging veterinary   MeSH
• Publication type
• Periodical MeSH

• Conspectus
• Veterinární lékařství
• NML Fields
• veterinární lékařství

• MeSH
• Communicable Diseases, Emerging * MeSH
• Publication type
• Periodical MeSH

• Conspectus
• Lékařské vědy. Lékařství
• NML Fields
• infekční lékařství

• MeSH
• Congresses as Topic MeSH
• Communicable Diseases, Emerging * MeSH
• Population Surveillance MeSH

Shigella flexneri is a leading etiologic agent of diarrhea in low socioeconomic countries. Notably, various serotypes in S. flexneri are reported from different regions of the world. The precise approximations of illness and death owing to shigellosis are missing in low socioeconomic countries, although it is widespread in different regions. The inadequate statistics available reveal S. flexneri to be a significant food and waterborne pathogen. All over the world, different antibiotic-resistant strains of S. flexneri serotypes have been emerged especially multidrug-resistant strains. Recently, increased resistance was observed in cephalosporins (3rd generation), azithromycin, and fluoroquinolones. There is a need for a continuous surveillance study on antibiotic resistance that will be helpful in the update of the antibiogram. The shigellosis burden can be reduced by adopting preventive measures like delivery of safe drinking water, suitable sanitation, and development of an effective and inexpensive multivalent vaccine. This review attempts to provide the recent findings of S. flexneri related to epidemiology and the emergence of multidrug resistance.

• MeSH
• Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology   MeSH
• Dysentery, Bacillary drug therapy   microbiology   MeSH
• Drug Resistance, Bacterial MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Communicable Diseases, Emerging drug therapy   microbiology   MeSH
• Shigella flexneri drug effects   genetics   isolation & purification   physiology   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH

BACKGROUND: A total number of 14 valid species of Diphyllobothrium tapeworms have been described in literature to be capable of causing diphyllobothriosis, with D. latum being the major causative agent of all human infections. However, recent data indicate that some of these infections, especially when diagnosed solely on the basis of morphology, have been identified with this causative agent incorrectly, confusing other Diphyllobothrium species with D. latum. Another widely distributed species, D. dendriticum, has never been considered as a frequent parasite of man, even though it is found commonly throughout arctic and subarctic regions parasitizing piscivorous birds and mammals. Recent cases of Europeans infected with this cestode called into question the actual geographic distribution of this tapeworm, largely ignored by medical parasitologists. METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS: On the basis of revision of more than 900 available references and a description and revision of recent European human cases using morphological and molecular (cox1) data supplemented by newly characterized D. dendriticum sequences, we updated the current knowledge of the life-cycle, geographic distribution, epidemiological status, and molecular diagnostics of this emerging causal agent of zoonotic disease of man. CONCLUSIONS: The tapeworm D. dendriticum represents an example of a previously neglected, probably underdiagnosed parasite of man with a potential to spread globally. Recent cases of diphyllobothriosis caused by D. dendriticum in Europe (Netherlands, Switzerland and Czech Republic), where the parasite has not been reported previously, point out that causative agents of diphyllobothriosis and other zoonoses can be imported throughout the world. Molecular tools should be used for specific and reliable parasite diagnostics, and also rare or non-native species should be considered. This will considerably help improve our knowledge of the distribution and epidemiology of these human parasites.

• MeSH
• Molecular Diagnostic Techniques MeSH
• Diphyllobothriasis epidemiology   parasitology   MeSH
• Diphyllobothrium isolation & purification   physiology   MeSH
• Topography, Medical MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Molecular Epidemiology MeSH
• Communicable Diseases, Emerging epidemiology   parasitology   MeSH
• Neglected Diseases epidemiology   parasitology   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Review MeSH

• MeSH
• Communicable Disease Control MeSH
• Communicable Diseases, Emerging MeSH

• MeSH
• Disease Outbreaks MeSH
• Communicable Diseases epidemiology   MeSH
• Clinical Medicine MeSH
• Communicable Diseases, Emerging MeSH
• Risk MeSH
• Disease Reservoirs MeSH
• Publication type
• Case Reports MeSH
• Collected Work MeSH

• Conspectus
• Patologie. Klinická medicína
• NML Fields
• infekční lékařství

Tularemia is a bacterial disease of humans, wild, and domestic animals. Francisella tularensis, which is a Gram-negative coccobacillus-shaped bacterium, is the causative agent of tularemia. Recently, an increase in the number of human tularemia cases has been noticed in several countries around the world. It has been reported mostly from North America, several Scandinavian countries, and certain Asian countries. The disease spreads through vectors such as mosquitoes, horseflies, deer flies, and ticks. Humans can acquire the disease through direct contact of sick animals, consumption of infected animals, drinking or direct contact of contaminated water, and inhalation of bacteria-loaded aerosols. Low infectious dose, aerosol route of infection, and its ability to induce fatal disease make it a potential agent of biological warfare. Tularemia leads to several clinical forms, such as glandular, ulceroglandular, oculoglandular, oropharyngeal, respiratory, and typhoidal forms. The disease is diagnosed through the use of culture, serology, or molecular methods. Quinolones, tetracyclines, or aminoglycosides are frequently used in the treatment of tularemia. No licensed vaccine is available in the prophylaxis of tularemia and this is need of the time and high-priority research area. This review mostly focuses on general features, importance, current status, and preventive measures of this disease.

• MeSH
• Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use   MeSH
• Biological Warfare Agents MeSH
• Francisella tularensis isolation & purification   pathogenicity   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Tick-Borne Diseases drug therapy   epidemiology   microbiology   prevention & control   MeSH
• Communicable Diseases, Emerging drug therapy   epidemiology   microbiology   prevention & control   MeSH
• Disease Transmission, Infectious prevention & control   MeSH
• Tularemia drug therapy   epidemiology   microbiology   prevention & control   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH

• MeSH
• Epidemiology trends   MeSH
• Communicable Diseases MeSH
• Infection Control MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Communicable Diseases, Emerging MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Overall MeSH