Plant-microbe interactions
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The increase in extreme climate events associated with global warming is a great menace to crop productivity nowadays. In addition to abiotic stresses, warmer conditions favor the spread of infectious diseases affecting plant performance. Within this context, beneficial microbes constitute a sustainable alternative for the mitigation of the effects of climate change on plant growth and productivity. Used as biostimulants to improve plant growth, they also increase plant resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses through the generation of a primed status in the plant, leading to a better and faster response to stress. In this review, we have focused on the importance of a balanced redox status for the adequate performance of the plant and revisited the different antioxidant mechanisms supporting the biocontrol effect of beneficial microbes through the adjustment of the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, the different tools for the analysis of antioxidant responses and redox regulation have been evaluated. The importance of redox regulation in the activation of the immune responses through different mechanisms, such as transcriptional regulation, retrograde signaling, and post-translational modification of proteins, emerges as an important research goal for understanding the biocontrol activity of the beneficial microbes.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
The presented study proposes an efficient utilization of a common Thymus serpyllum L. (wild thyme) plant as a highly potent biosorbent of Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions and the efficient interaction of the copper-laden plant with two opportunistic bacteria. Apart from biochars that are commonly used for adsorption, here we report the direct use of native plant, which is potentially interesting also for soil remediation. The highest adsorption capacity for Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions (qe = 12.66 and 53.13 mg g-1, respectively) was achieved after 10 and 30 min of adsorption, respectively. Moreover, the Cu-laden plant was shown to be an efficient antibacterial agent against the bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, the results being slightly better in the former case. Such an activity is enabled only via the interaction of the adsorbed ions effectively distributed within the biological matrix of the plant with bacterial cells. Thus, the sustainable resource can be used both for the treatment of wastewater and, after an effective embedment of metal ions, for the fight against microbes.
- MeSH
- adsorpce MeSH
- antibakteriální látky * farmakologie chemie izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- Escherichia coli * účinky léků MeSH
- měď chemie farmakologie metabolismus MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
- olovo chemie metabolismus MeSH
- Staphylococcus aureus * účinky léků MeSH
- těžké kovy chemie metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- Thymus (rostlina) chemie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Water shortage and low organic carbon content in soil limit soil fertility and crop productivity. The use of desalinated seawater is increasing as an alternative source of irrigation water. However, it has a high boron (B) content that could cause toxicity in the plant-soil microbial system. Here, we evaluated the responses of the soil microbiota and lemon trees to 3 irrigation B doses (0.3, 1, and 15 mg L-1) under two types of soil management (conventional, CS; and organic, OS) in a 180-days pot experiment. High B doses promoted B accumulation in soil, reaching harmful concentrations that affected soil biodiversity. Our results suggest a close interaction between B and organic labile fractions that increased B availability in soil solution. Besides, B addition to soil impacted on microbial biomass. The bacterial community showed sensitivity to the B dose. Organic amendment did not increase B soil adsorption but it favored B plant uptake. The highest B dose had a detrimental impact on plant physiology, finally resulting lethal for the plants. Our study provides a comprehensive assessment of the microbes-plant interactions in soils irrigated with water with high B content. This will be fundamental in the design of future fertirrigation strategies.
- MeSH
- biomasa MeSH
- bor MeSH
- mikrobiota * MeSH
- půda * MeSH
- půdní mikrobiologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Communication among different species across kingdoms occurs through a chain of regulatory molecules that are transferred around cellular boundaries. These molecules are also crucial for defense, virulence, and pathogenesis. In the past, the transport of proteins in long distance communication was observed, but in the present era, the discovery of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has changed our understanding of molecular communication. EVs are not only involved in cell signaling and immunity but also can transfer information by sRNAs, forming a basis for interactions among a wide variety of organisms. Despite extensive research on EVs in other areas, their role in communication between plants and the plant microbiome has been lacking. EVs are potentially involved in protein trafficking along with the transport of lipids and nucleic acids. Interactions between hosts and their microbiomes may also be mediated by EVs, which can be involved in stress responses, immune surveillance and defense, virulence, and signaling, along with many metabolic activities within plant microbiomes. In this review, we have focused on recent information about the role of EVs and the molecules they transport between hosts and microbes. The connection between biofilms and the generation of EVs is also considered. These findings enhance our knowledge about plant-microbiome interactions in terms of immunity and virulence and challenge the conventional viewpoint of inter-kingdom signaling.
Nowadays, scientific research revolution is going on in many areas, and the human health is one of them. However, in the earlier studies, it was observed that most of the people health in the world affects by consumptions of contaminated food which is dangerous for human health and country economy. Recent studies showed that the fresh vegetables and fruits are the major habitat for endophytic bacterial communities. Salmonella and Escherichia coli both are the very common bacteria founds in fresh vegetables and fruits. Generally, many people eat vegetables and fruits without cooking (in the form of salad). The continued assumption of such food increases the health risk factor for foodborne diseases. So, from the last decades, many researchers working to understand about the relationship of endophytic microbes with plants either isolated bacteria are pathogenic or nonpathogenic. Moreover, most of the endophytes were identified by using 16S rRNA sequencing method. Hence, this review elaborates on the differences and similarities between nonpathogenic and pathogenic endophytes in terms of host plant response, colonization strategy, and genome content. Furthermore, it is emphasized on the environmental effects and biotic interactions within plant microbiota that influence pathogenesis and the pathogenesis.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (EcM) associations are critical for host-tree performance. However, how mycorrhizal associations correlate with the latitudinal tree beta-diversity remains untested. Using a global dataset of 45 forest plots representing 2,804,270 trees across 3840 species, we test how AM and EcM trees contribute to total beta-diversity and its components (turnover and nestedness) of all trees. We find AM rather than EcM trees predominantly contribute to decreasing total beta-diversity and turnover and increasing nestedness with increasing latitude, probably because wide distributions of EcM trees do not generate strong compositional differences among localities. Environmental variables, especially temperature and precipitation, are strongly correlated with beta-diversity patterns for both AM trees and all trees rather than EcM trees. Results support our hypotheses that latitudinal beta-diversity patterns and environmental effects on these patterns are highly dependent on mycorrhizal types. Our findings highlight the importance of AM-dominated forests for conserving global forest biodiversity.
Zinc-solubilizing bacteria, namely Burkholderia cepacia and Acinetobacter baumannii (H1 and H3, respectively), able to grow in liquid basal medium supplemented with ZnO, Zn3 (PO4)2, and ZnSO4·7H2O (0.1%), showed plant growth promoting properties. The treatment of Acinetobacter baumannii (H3) solubilizes the ZnO (1.42 ppm), Zn3 (PO4)2 (1.15 ppm), and ZnSO4·7H2O (1.44 ppm).The maximum solubilization of ZnSO4·7H2O (1.42 ppm) was observed in Burkholderia cepacia (H1) after 15 days. Organic acids produced by the bacteria decreased the pH of the medium and helped in Zn solubilization. In pot experiment on maize, Burkholderia cepacia (H1) treatment significantly enhanced plant height and root length in the presence of ZnO (2%) added in 10 mL of inoculum in each pot. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of maize root extract showed the presence of oxalic, maleic, tartaric, and fumaric acid after 60 days of the experiment. Bacterial treatments enhanced sugar and protein level in maize plants and were 55.2 and 42.55 µg/mL plant extract, respectively, under mixture of bacterial treatment. Hence, isolates H1 and H3 expressed highest potential throughout the experiments, as zinc solubilizers and plant growth-promoting strains. This study demonstrated that meticulous use of Zn-solubilizing bacterial strains could aid in enhanced plant growth and can be the potential bio-inoculants for biofortification of maize to overcome the problems of malnutrition.
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) encompass a diverse group of plant cell wall proteoglycans, which play an essential role in plant development, signaling, plant-microbe interactions, and many others. Although they are widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom and extensively studied, they remain largely unexplored in the lower plants, especially in seaweeds. Ulva species have high economic potential since various applications were previously described including bioremediation, biofuel production, and as a source of bioactive compounds. This article presents the first experimental confirmation of AGP-like glycoproteins in Ulva species and provides a simple extraction protocol of Ulva lactuca AGP-like glycoproteins, their partial characterization and unique comparison to scarcely described Solanum lycopersicum AGPs. The reactivity with primary anti-AGP antibodies as well as Yariv reagent showed a great variety between Ulva lactuca and Solanum lycopersicum AGP-like glycoproteins. While the amino acid analysis of the AGP-like glycoproteins purified by the β-d-glucosyl Yariv reagent showed a similarity between algal and land plant AGP-like glycoproteins, neutral saccharide analysis revealed unique glycosylation of the Ulva lactuca AGP-like glycoproteins. Surprisingly, arabinose and galactose were not the most prevalent monosaccharides and the most outstanding was the presence of 3-O-methyl-hexose, which has never been described in the AGPs. The exceptional structure of the Ulva lactuca AGP-like glycoproteins implies a specialized adaptation to the marine environment and might bring new insight into the evolution of the plant cell wall.
The benefits of plant-microbe interactions have been exploited extensively for nutrient removal. Radial oxygen loss in aquatic macrophytes potentially promotes nitrification and accelerates nitrogen removal through coupled nitrification-denitrification process. Nitrification is likely the limiting activity for an effective nitrogen removal in wetlands. In this work, we have quantified the effect of radial oxygen losses in Typha angustifolia plants in environments of contrasting salinities, including a temporary lagoon, a constructed wetland, and a river estuary. In all sites, radial oxygen diffusion occurred mainly at a narrow band, from 1 to 5 cm from the root tip, and were almost absent at the tip and basal sections of the root (> 5 cm). Root sections with active oxygen diffusion tended to show higher bacterial and archaeal densities in the rhizoplane according to 16S rRNA gene abundance data, except at higher salinities. Archaeal amoA /bacterial amoA gene ratios were highly variable among sites. Archaeal nitrifiers were only favoured over bacteria on the root surface of Typha collected from the constructed wetland. Collectively, radial oxygen loss had little effect on the nitrifying microbial community at the smaller scale (differences according to root-section), and observed differences were more likely related to prevailing physicochemical conditions of the studied environments or to long-term effects of the root microenvironment (root vs sediment comparisons).
The host specificity of the recently described ciliate species Tetrahymena utriculariae was tested in a greenhouse growth experiment, which included 14 different species of aquatic Utricularia as potential host plants. We confirmed the high specificity of the interaction between U. reflexa and T. utriculariae, the former being the only tested host species able to maintain colonization for prolonged time periods. We conclude that this plant-microbe relationship is a unique and specialized form of digestive mutualism and the plant-microbe unit a suitable experimental system for future ecophysiological studies.
