Microbial infections and nosocomial diseases associated with biomaterial have become a major problem of public health and largely lead to revision surgery, which is painful and quite expensive for patients. These infections are caused by formation of biofilm, which present a difficulty of treatment with conventional antibiotics. The aim of our study is to investigate the theoretical adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on four 3-dimensional printing filament materials used in the manufacture of medical equipment. Thus, the physicochemical properties of these microorganisms and all filament materials were determined using the contact angle measurements. Our results indicated that bacterial surfaces were hydrophilic, strongly electron donating and weakly electron accepting. In contrast, nylon, acrylonitrile butadiene-styrene, polyethylene terephthalate, and polylactic acid surfaces were hydrophobic and more electron-donor than electron-acceptor. In addition, according to the values of total free interaction energy ΔGTotal, Staphylococcus aureus was found unable to adhere to the filament materials except polyethylene terephthalate surface. However, Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed adhesion capacity only for acrylonitrile butadiene-styrene and polyethylene terephthalate surfaces. These findings imply that the usage of these 3D printed materials in the medical area necessitates more research into enhancing their resistance to bacterial adherence.
- MeSH
- akrylonitril * MeSH
- bakteriální adheze MeSH
- biofilmy MeSH
- butadieny farmakologie MeSH
- infekce spojené se zdravotní péčí * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- polyethylentereftaláty chemie MeSH
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa MeSH
- stafylokokové infekce * MeSH
- Staphylococcus aureus MeSH
- styreny MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
BACKGROUND: Despite the efficacy of innovative treatments for metastatic melanoma, their high costs has led to disparities in cancer care among different European countries. We analysed the availability of these innovative therapies in Europe and estimated the number of patients without access to first-line recommended treatment per current guidelines of professional entities such as the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO), the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC), the European Association of Dermato-Oncology (EADO), and European Dermatology Forum (EDF). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Web-based online survey was conducted in 30 European countries with questions about the treatment schedules from 1st May 2015 to 1st May 2016: number of metastatic melanoma patients, registration and reimbursement of innovative medicines (updated data, as of 1st October 2016), percentage of patients treated and availability of clinical studies and compassionate-use programmes. RESULTS: The recommended BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi) + MEK inhibitor (MEKi) combination was both registered and fully reimbursed in 9/30 (30%) countries, and in 13/30 (43%) (all from Eastern Europe) not reimbursed. First-line immunotherapy with anti-PD1 antibodies was registered and fully reimbursed in 14/30 (47%) countries, while in 13/30 (43%) (all from Eastern Europe) not reimbursed. It was estimated that in Europe 19,600 patients with metastatic melanoma are treated, and 5238 (27%) do not have access to recommended first-line therapy. Significant correlation was found between human development index (HDI, UNDP report 2015), (r = 0.662; p < 0.001), health expenditure per capita (r = 0.695; p < 0.001) and the Mackenbach score of health policy performance (r = 0.765; p < 0.001) with the percentage of patients treated with innovative medicines and a number of reimbursed medicines. CONCLUSIONS: Great discrepancy exists in metastatic melanoma treatment across Europe. It is crucial to increase the awareness of national and European policymakers, oncological societies, melanoma patients' associations and pharma industry.
- MeSH
- akrylonitril analogy a deriváty ekonomika zásobování a distribuce MeSH
- aniliny ekonomika zásobování a distribuce MeSH
- antigeny CD279 antagonisté a inhibitory MeSH
- dávkové mechanismy statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- disparity zdravotní péče ekonomika statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- dostupnost zdravotnických služeb ekonomika statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- experimentální terapie ekonomika statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- humanizované monoklonální protilátky ekonomika terapeutické užití MeSH
- imunoterapie ekonomika statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- melanom ekonomika epidemiologie terapie MeSH
- nádory kůže ekonomika epidemiologie terapie MeSH
- protoonkogenní proteiny B-raf antagonisté a inhibitory MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa epidemiologie MeSH
There is a rapidly growing interest in low-cost, fast and sensitive biosensors. In particular, direct determination of important metabolites, serving as biomarkers of various pathological states can significantly enhance the treatment successes. In our study, we introduce a technical concept of a 3D printed biosensor, which employs polydimethylsiloxane chip with volume of 50 µL as an inert and optically clear reservoir for recognition element and fluorescence detection. By using a 3D printing technology, low production cost and high crafting reproducibility were achieved. Due to a presence of controlled electromagnet, the biosensor can be utilized for a broad spectrum of applications, based on paramagnetic nano- or microscaled materials.
The nitrile hydratase (NHase) of Rhodococcus rhodochrous PA-34 catalyzed the conversion of acrylonitrile to acrylamide. The resting cells (having NHase activity) (8 %; 1 mL corresponds to 22 mg dry cell mass, DCM) were immobilized in polyacrylamide gel containing 12.5 % acrylamide, 0.6 % bisacrylamide, 0.2 % diammonium persulfate and 0.4 % TEMED. The polyacrylamide entrapped cells (1.12 mg DCM/mL) completely converted acrylonitrile in 3 h at 10 °C, using 0.1 mol/L potassium phosphate buffer. In a partitioned fed batch reactor, 432 g/L acrylamide was accumulated after 1 d. The polyacrylamide discs were recycled up to 3×; 405, 210 and 170 g/L acrylamide was produced in 1st, 2nd and 3rd recycling reactions. In four cycles, a total of 1217 g acrylamide was produced by recycling the same mass of entrapped cells.
- MeSH
- akrylamid metabolismus MeSH
- akrylonitril metabolismus MeSH
- akrylové pryskyřice MeSH
- bakteriální proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- biotechnologie metody MeSH
- dehydratasy metabolismus MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- imobilizované buňky metabolismus MeSH
- Rhodococcus enzymologie metabolismus růst a vývoj MeSH
The rationale for cytogenetic monitoring to determine if safe maximum allowable concentrations (MAC) of genotoxic chemicals are being maintained in a workplace is that exposure levels that do not increase chromosomal aberration frequencies are without harmful effects. Such monitoring, widely used in occupational health programs in the Czech Republic (CR), includes workers exposed to 1,3-butadiene (BD) or other chemicals. Studies of BD exposed workers in the years 1992, 1993, 1994, 1998, and 2004 compared mean frequencies of cells carrying chromosomal aberrations (frequency of aberrant cells=%AB.C.) in exposed workers with those in non-exposed matched controls in the same plant or in other individuals living in the region of the same petrochemical industry. Workers potentially exposed to acrylonitrile at this site were also evaluated in 2000, along with another unexposed matched control group. The %AB.C. values of exposed workers and their controls were also compared with reference values determined for normal individuals (ages 20-59 years) throughout the CR. Substantial discrepancies were noted between subjects in the region of the petrochemical industry (exposed workers and controls) for the years 2000 and 2004 and the reference CR-wide normal values that had been determined during an earlier time period. The matched non-exposed controls at the petrochemical industry site showed a mean %AB.C. value of 1.56+/-1.23% (N=25) in 1998; this rose to a mean of 2.65+/-2.29% (N=33) in 2000. In 2004, values for non-exposed matched controls at the industry site were 2.64+/-1.75% for males (N=25) and 2.38+/-1.74% (N=26) for females. However, the earlier determined CR-wide %AB.C. mean reference values for normal individuals were 1.77+/-1.16% (N=1305) for the interval 1977-1988 and 1.45+/-1.17% (N=2140) for the interval 1991-1999. As both reference values are substantially lower than those determined in 2000 and 2004 for the non-exposed matched controls at the petrochemical industry site, an analysis of the CR-wide mean normal individual reference values for this same 2000-2004 period was conducted. Unexpectedly, it was found that this reference value too had risen to 1.95+/-1.36% (N=1045) and was comparable to the concurrent matched control values at the petrochemical industry site where the monitoring studies were conducted. This substantial increase in %AB.C. values in 2000 and 2004, therefore, has occurred throughout the CR and is probably unrelated to chemicals uniquely present at the petrochemical industry site.
- MeSH
- akrylonitril škodlivé účinky MeSH
- butadieny škodlivé účinky MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- chemický průmysl MeSH
- chromozomální aberace MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- genetické techniky MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lymfocyty mikrobiologie účinky záření MeSH
- maximální přípustná koncentrace MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
The pattern of chromosomal aberrations (CA) was studied by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique (whole chromosomes #1 and #4 painting) in workers occupationally exposed to any of the four following conditions: acrylonitrile (ACN), ethyl benzene (EB), carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (c-PAHs), and irradiation in nuclear power plants (NPP), respectively. Decrease in the relative frequency of translocations was observed in EB group, and an increase in reciprocal translocations in ACN and NPP-exposed groups. An increase in a relative number of insertions was registered under all four conditions (significant at ACN, EB, c-PAHs, quasisignificant at NPP-exposed groups). Significant differences in the percentage of lymphocytes with aberrations on chromosome #1 (58.8+/-32.7%, versus 73.8+/-33.6% in the controls, P < 0.05), and chromosome #4 (47.0+/-34.1%, versus 29.4+/-32.2%, P < 0.01) were found in workers exposed to ACN. Similarly, a decrease in the proportion of cells with aberration on chromosome #1 (61.0+/-24.0%, versus 73.8+/-33.6%, P < 0.05) and an increase on chromosome #4 (45.6+/-24.6%, versus 29.4+/-32.2%, P < 0.05) were observed in workers exposed to EB. Frequency of aberrant cells (%AB.C.) as well as genomic frequency of translocations (F(G)/100) increased with age (P < 0.001). Aging also increased the percentage of translocations and reciprocal translocations (P < 0.05), but decreased the relative number of acentric fragments (P < 0.01). Smoking led to significantly increased F(G)/100 (P < 0.05), but did not affect the pattern of chromosomal aberrations. Our results seem to indicate that different carcinogens may induce a different pattern of chromosomal aberrations.
- MeSH
- akrylonitril toxicita MeSH
- benzenové deriváty toxicita MeSH
- chromozomální aberace chemicky indukované MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- ionizující záření MeSH
- kouření škodlivé účinky MeSH
- kultivované buňky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lymfocyty účinky záření ultrasonografie MeSH
- malování chromozomů MeSH
- mutageny toxicita MeSH
- polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky toxicita MeSH
- pracovní expozice škodlivé účinky MeSH
- regresní analýza MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- MeSH
- akrylonitril farmakologie chemie MeSH
- biologické markery analýza MeSH
- finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
- karcinogeny životního prostředí farmakologie chemie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- oxidační stres účinky záření MeSH
- proteiny tepelného šoku HSP70 krevní zásobení MeSH
- proteiny teplotního šoku krevní zásobení MeSH
- western blotting MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
