BACKGROUND: It is now commonly accepted that there exists a form of drug supply, that involves the non-commercial supply of drugs to friends and acquaintances for little or no profit, which is qualitatively different from profit motivated 'drug dealing proper'. 'Social supply', as it has become known, has a strong conceptual footprint in the United Kingdom, shaped by empirical research, policy discussion and its accommodation in legal frameworks. Though scholarship has emerged in a number of contexts outside the UK, the extent to which social supply has developed as an internationally recognised concept in criminal justice contexts is still unclear. METHODS: Drawing on an established international social supply research network across eleven nations, this paper provides the first assessment of social supply as an internationally relevant concept. Data derives from individual and team research stemming from Australia, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Hong Kong, the Netherlands, England and Wales, and the United States, supported by expert reflection on research evidence and analysis of sentencing and media reporting in each context. In situ social supply experts addressed a common set of questions regarding the nature of social supply for their particular context including: an overview of social supply research activity, reflection on the extent that differentiation is accommodated in drug supply sentencing frameworks; evaluating the extent to which social supply is recognised in legal discourse and in sentencing practices and more broadly by e.g. criminal justice professionals in the public sphere. A thematic analysis of these scripts was undertaken and emergent themes were developed. Whilst having an absence of local research, New Zealand is also included in the analysis as there exists a genuine discursive presence of social supply in the drug control and sentencing policy contexts in that country. RESULTS: Findings suggest that while social supply has been found to exist as a real and distinct behaviour, its acceptance and application in criminal justice systems ranges from explicit through to implicit. In the absence of dedicated guiding frameworks, strong use is made of discretion and mitigating circumstances in attempts to acknowledge supply differentiation. In some jurisdictions, there is no accommodation of social supply, and while aggravating factors can be applied to differentiate more serious offences, social suppliers remain subject to arbitrary deterrent sentencing apparatus. CONCLUSION: Due to the shifting sands of politics, mood, or geographical disparity, reliance on judicial discretion and the use of mitigating circumstances to implement commensurate sentences for social suppliers is no longer sufficient. Further research is required to strengthen the conceptual presence of social supply in policy and practice as a behaviour that extends beyond cannabis and is relevant to users of all drugs. Research informed guidelines and/or specific sentencing provisions for social suppliers would provide fewer possibilities for inconsistency and promote more proportionate outcomes for this fast-growing group.

• MeSH
• internacionalita MeSH
• kontrola léčiv a omamných látek zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• obchodování s drogami zákonodárství a právo   psychologie   MeSH
• sociální sítě * MeSH
• trestní zákon MeSH
• uživatelé drog psychologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

Historický kontext vývoje svépomocných skupin působících v České republice se liší od sousedních zemí jako Rakousko, Německo nebo Polsko. Zčásti v důsledku poměrů v komunistickém režimu byl celkový rámec pro fungování svépomocných skupin jiný. Užívání alkoholu bylo pro totalitní režim něčím „těžko přijatelným". Problematika závislosti na alkoholu však byla díky epidemiologické situaci více méně akceptována, což umožnilo vznik ,kvazi-svépomocných" skupin vedených odborníky na léčbu závislostí Spolupráce s těmito skupinami byla tolerována a později i podporována. Situace v oblasti prevence a léčby užívání nelegálních drog byla mnohem horší, neboť oficiálně žádný drogový problém neexistoval. Po pádu komunistického režimu musely tyto intervence začít téměř od nuly. Podobně tomu bylo v případě svépomocných aktivit. Do té doby více méně nelegální svépomoc uživatelům drog, mající téměř charakter protirežimních aktivit, dostala prostor pro další rozvoj v 90. letech 20. století. Nicméně dodnes je v České republice patrný menší vliv svépomocných principů a současné léčebné programy do značné míry stále ovlivňuje expertní model.

Historically, the context of the development of self-help groups operating in the Czech Republic differs from that experienced in the neighbouring countries, such as Austria, Germany, or Poland. Partly because of the circumstances under the communist regime, the general framework for the operation of self-help groups was different. The totalitarian regime found alcohol use to be something which was “difficult to accept”. The issue of alcohol dependency was more or less recognised because of the epidemiological situation and this made it possible for “quasi-self-help” groups – groups led by addiction treatment professionals – to emerge. Cooperation with these groups was tolerated and later even supported. The situation in the prevention and treatment of illicit drug use was much worse, as no drug problem officially existed. After the fall of the communist regime, such interventions had to start virtually from scratch. Similarly, this was also the case with self-help activities. Until then, self-help for drug users was nearly illegal and viewed almost as an activity aimed against the communist regime. It gained the basis for its further development in the 1990s. Nevertheless, the current treatment programs in the Czech Republic are still governed by the expert model to a great extent and the influence of self-help principles has been less apparent.

• Klíčová slova
• svépomoc, alkohol, nelegální drogy, odborná péče,
• MeSH
• alkoholismus prevence a kontrola   psychologie   terapie   MeSH
• Anonymní alkoholici dějiny   organizace a řízení   MeSH
• centra pro terapii drogových závislostí dějiny   organizace a řízení   trendy   MeSH
• dobrovolné programy dějiny   organizace a řízení   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• odvykání kouření dějiny   metody   psychologie   MeSH
• poruchy spojené s užíváním psychoaktivních látek prevence a kontrola   psychologie   terapie   MeSH
• recidiva MeSH
• sekundární prevence MeSH
• svépomocné skupiny dějiny   organizace a řízení   trendy   MeSH
• tabák MeSH
• terapeutická komunita MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Československo MeSH

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequent cardiac arrhythmia. However, despite manifold publications reflecting numerous clinical trials about treatment of AF, the management of this arrhythmia is still under controversial discussion, in daily clinical work as well as in research. The present study concentrates on three major questions: 1. How frequent are recurrences of AF in long-term follow-up? Most of the previous studies used the occurrence of symptoms as a surrogate parameter for recurrences of AF, despite the expected high rate of asymptomatic relapses. In the present study a daily transtelephonic ECG transmission enables a rhythm monitoring independent of symptoms. 2. Is the frequency of AF recurrences significantly reduced by antiarrhythmic medication? A direct comparison of class I and III antiarrhythmic drugs, which still are most frequently used for this indication, and of placebo will answer this question. 3. How safe is the long-term treatment for the prevention of AF recurrences with special respect to proarrhythmic effects? The daily transtelephonic ECG transmission enables a quantitative and qualitative monitoring of tachy- and bradyarrhythmias independent of symptoms. Additionally, the daily analysis of ECG measures may detect parameters predicting subsequent life threatening arrhythmias. The study design provides a prospective, randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled, multicenter parallel group comparison. In Germany and in the Czech Republic about 90 hospitals will include 900 patients with documented chronic AF, age 18 to 80 years, if they are eligible for electrical cardioversion without concomitant antiarrhythmic drug therapy and if they are anticoagulated for at least three weeks prior to inclusion. Neither the size of the left atrium nor the duration of chronic AF are exclusion criteria. A few hours after successful electrical cardioversion the patients are randomised either to sotalol (2 x 160 mg) or quinidine + verapamil (3 x 160 mg + 3 x 80 mg) or placebo. Starting at the day after cardioversion, the patient is asked to record and transmit electrocardiograms of one minute duration at least once a day using his personal transtelephonic ECG recording unit (Tele-ECG recorder, credit card size), in case of symptoms as often as necessary. The ECGs can be transmitted at any time by any regular phone without additional equipment using a toll free number. A custom made, computer based, fully automated receiving centre is handling the patient calls interactively with voice control, including a voice recording of the patient's symptoms. The ECG tracings and the patient's voice messages are subsequently computer based analysed by experienced technicians. All ECG measures are stored in a database. In case of AF recurrence, any other relevant arrhythmia or additional abnormalities (e.g. QT prolongation) the correspondent hospital is immediately informed by fax. In case of AF recurrence, a subsequent Holter recording discriminates in paroxysmal and permanent AF. Study medication is ended if either permanent AF or the third episode of paroxysmal AF are detected or after 12 months of follow-up. Regular follow-up visits are performed monthly. Major endpoints are the time to first recurrence of AF or the time to death, secondary parameters are the number of AF recurrences, the time to end of medication and AF related symptoms. The recruitment started in the last days of 1996. Until the end of June 1998, 424 patients have been randomised. It is expected to end recruitment in spring 1999 and to close the study in spring 2000. Final results will be available in summer 2000.

• MeSH
• antiarytmika škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• chinidin škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• chronická nemoc MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• dvojitá slepá metoda MeSH
• elektrická defibrilace * MeSH
• elektrokardiografie ambulantní účinky léků   MeSH
• fibrilace síní farmakoterapie   MeSH
• fixní kombinace léků MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• sotalol škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• telemetrie MeSH
• verapamil škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• klinické zkoušky MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Německo MeSH

Druhá část studie se věnuje historii kapucínského balzámu, léčivé speciality, která byla v kapucínském klášteře v Praze na Hradčanech vyráběna od konce 18. století do roku 1950. Jednalo se o lihovou tinkturu, jejíž receptura vycházela z přípravku Oswalda Crolla. Hlavními složkami byly Balsamum Peruvianum, Gummiresina myrrha, Gummiresina olibanum a Styrax spolu srůznými rostlinnými drogami. Balzám byl užíván jako antiseptický, protizánětlivý a analgetický. Balzám se stal oblíbeným lidovým léčivem a byl prodáván i do zahraničí (Německo, Polsko, USA, Irsko, Belgie). Prostředky získané z prodeje balzámu složily na financování oprav kláštera a místní bohovědné studium. Dále jsou zmíněna i další farmaka spojená s názvem kapucínského řádu.

The history of traditional capuchin balsam is the focal point of the second part of the article on the unknown history of pharmacy at the capuchin monastery in Prague-Hradčany. Capuchin balsam, a medicinal speciality, was being manufactured in the monastery from the end of the 18th century till the year 1950. It is a spirit tincture, its prescription originating from the formulation by Oswald Croll. Balsamum Peruvianum, Gummiresina myrrha, Gummiresina olibanum, and Styrax are the main ingredients, besides assorted plants. The balsam was taken as an antiseptic, antiphlogistic, and analgesic. The balsam was a favoured rustic medicine, and it was sold also abroad (Germany, Poland, USA, Ireland, Belgium). The profit made from the sale of the balsam supported the reconstruction and the maintenance of the monastery and the local theological studies. Other medical formulations connected with the name of the capuchin order are also mentioned.

• Klíčová slova
• klášterní lékárny,
• MeSH
• analgetika MeSH
• antiflogistika MeSH
• antiinfekční látky lokální MeSH
• balzámy * dějiny   MeSH
• chinovník MeSH
• Commiphora MeSH
• dějiny 18. století MeSH
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• dějiny lékárnictví MeSH
• farmacie * MeSH
• fytoterapie MeSH
• kadidlo MeSH
• katolictví dějiny   MeSH
• příprava léků * MeSH
• rostlinné přípravky MeSH
• Styrax MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 18. století MeSH
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• Publikační typ
• historické články MeSH

• MeSH
• ekonomika a organizace zdravotní péče MeSH
• lékařská informatika MeSH
• průzkumy zdravotní péče MeSH
• reforma zdravotní péče MeSH
• zajištění kvality zdravotní péče MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kongresy MeSH

• Konspekt
• Veřejné zdraví a hygiena
• NLK Obory
• veřejné zdravotnictví