• Konspekt
• Mikrobiologie
• NLK Obory
• mikrobiologie, lékařská mikrobiologie

The evolution of multiple-drug resistant bacteria is contributing to the global antimicrobial crisis, hence driving us to search for novel antimicrobial(s). Among animals, invertebrates represent up to 80% of all known species suggesting their wide distribution. Despite their ubiquitous and plentiful nature, they have been largely unexplored as potential source of antibacterials. In this study, we selected a broad range of invertebrates from terrestrial and marine environments and tested their lysates for antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aereus (MRSA) and neuropathogenic Escherichia coli K1. Cockroaches, centipedes, tarantulas, prawns, lobster, and mud crabs showed antibacterial activity with selected lysates exhibiting more than 90% bactericidal effects. The red-headed centipede's hemolymph showed 90% and 50% bacteriostatic activity against MRSA and E. coli K1, respectively. Tarantula's body extracts exhibited antibacterial activity against MRSA and E. coli K1. Gut extracts of tiger prawn exhibited more than 90% bacteriostatic activity against both bacteria. The selected lobster and mud crab extract exhibited up to 90% growth inhibitory activity against MRSA. Overall, these results showed that selected invertebrates are an untapped source of broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and suggest the presence of biologically active molecules.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bezobratlí MeSH
• Escherichia coli MeSH
• methicilin rezistentní Staphylococcus aureus * MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Therapeutic interventions that can delay age associated diseases and ensure a longer health-span is a major goal of aging research. Consequent to understanding that aging is a modifiable trait, a large number of studies are currently being undertaken to elucidate the mechanism(s) of the aging process. Research on human aging and longevity is difficult, due to longer time frame, ethical concerns and environmental variables. Most of the present day understanding about the aging process comes through studies conducted on model organisms. These provide suitable platforms for understanding underlying mechanism(s) which control aging and have led to major discoveries that emphasize the evolutionarily conserved molecular pathways as key players that respond to extra and intracellular signals. This is a review of various invertebrate and vertebrate models including yeast, Drosophila, C. elegans, rodents, naked mole rat, and birds, currently used in aging research with emphasis on how well they can mimic aging in higher animals and humans.

• MeSH
• biomedicínský výzkum MeSH
• Caenorhabditis elegans MeSH
• dlouhověkost * MeSH
• Drosophila MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikroftalmičtí podzemní hlodavci MeSH
• modely u zvířat * MeSH
• myši MeSH
• ptáci MeSH
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae MeSH
• stárnutí * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Lysozyme is a widely distributed antimicrobial protein having specificity for cleaving the beta-(1,4)-glycosidic bond between N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) of peptidoglycan of the bacterial cell walls and thus efficiently contributes to protection against infections caused mainly by Gram-positive bacteria. In the present study, we assembled a full-length cDNA of a novel invertebrate-type lysozyme from Eisenia andrei earthworm (EALys) by RT-PCR and RACE system. The primary structure of EALys shares high homology with other invertebrate lysozymes; however the highest, 72% identity, was shown for the destabilase I isolated from medicinal leech. Recombinant EALys expressed in Escherichia coli exhibited the lysozyme and isopeptidase activity. Moreover, real-time PCR revealed increased levels of lysozyme mRNA in coelomocytes of E. andrei after the challenge with both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

• MeSH
• Bacillus subtilis imunologie   patogenita   MeSH
• bakteriální adheze MeSH
• chitinasy metabolismus   MeSH
• Echinodermata genetika   MeSH
• endopeptidasy metabolismus   MeSH
• Escherichia coli genetika   imunologie   patogenita   MeSH
• glukosamin analogy a deriváty   imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• grampozitivní bakteriální infekce imunologie   MeSH
• hydrolýza MeSH
• infekce vyvolané Escherichia coli imunologie   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a patogenu MeSH
• klonování DNA MeSH
• kyseliny muramové imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• lyasy štěpící vazby C-N metabolismus   MeSH
• muramidasa genetika   imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• Oligochaeta enzymologie   genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• pijavka lékařská genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční homologie MeSH
• virulence MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Environmental pollution by pharmaceutically active compounds, used in quantities similar to those of pesticides and other organic micropollutants, is increasingly recognized as a major threat to the aquatic environment. These compounds are only partly removed from wastewaters and, despite their low concentrations, directly and indirectly affect behaviour of freshwater organisms in natural habitats. The aim of this study was to behaviourally assess the effects of an opioid painkiller (tramadol) and antidepressant drug (citalopram) on behaviour patterns of a clonal model species, marbled crayfish. Animals exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of both tested compounds (∼1 μg l-1) exhibited significantly lower velocity and shorter distance moved than controls. Crayfish exposed to tramadol spent more time in shelters. Results were obtained by a simple and rapid method recommended as suitable for assessment of behaviour in aquatic organisms exposed to single pollutants and combinations.

• MeSH
• bezobratlí účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu toxicita   MeSH
• chování zvířat účinky léků   MeSH
• citalopram toxicita   MeSH
• pohyb účinky léků   MeSH
• severní raci účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• tramadol toxicita   MeSH
• vodní organismy účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Regarding the environmental pollution, platinum group elements (PGE) are in the centre of interest of current research. These rare elements are used as effective substances in automotive catalysts to reduce pollution by emissions originating from fuel combustion. Due to their harmful potential, it is necessary to monitor their content and behaviour in different samples. Comprehensive studies on PGE behaviour and effects are still lacking. Their distribution in the food chain and data on bioaccumulation has not been described so far. METHODS: We focused on reproductive effects of platinum (PtCl4), in particular. Our study is based on a collembolan laboratory breed, test optimalization and validation according to the OECD 232 standards [CSN ISO 11267 - Soil quality - Inhibition of reproduction of Collembola (Folsomia candida) by soil pollutants]. The concentrations of PtCl4 tested were as follows: 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 µM. The EC50 was determined after 28 days of testing. RESULTS: The results were evaluated using the inhibition of reproduction compared with controls. The EC50 was determined after the 28-day test. The value of 28dEC50 of the boric acid test was estimated at 120 mg/kg and the measured 28dEC50 of PtCl4 was 200.4 µM. CONCLUSION: The presented data can be considered as a step forward in the assessment of the potential risk of platinum in the terrestrial environment. However, more toxicity data for various species are needed to evaluate the environmental risk of platinum in soils.

• MeSH
• chování zvířat účinky léků   MeSH
• členovci účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu toxicita   MeSH
• platina toxicita   MeSH
• rozmnožování účinky léků   MeSH
• sloučeniny platiny toxicita   MeSH
• testy toxicity MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• Publikační typ
• abstrakt z konference MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Trace concentrations of the platinum group elements (PGE; Pt, Pd and Rh) are nowadays an irreplaceable part of environmental analysis and assessment. These rare elements are used as effective substances in automotive catalysts to reduce pollution by emissions originating from fuel combustion. Due to their harmful potential, it is necessary to monitor their content and behaviour in different samples. Effect assessment using ecotoxicological bioassays with organisms at different trophic levels can provide valuable pieces of information on the risk of chemical substances in the ecosystem. DESIGN: The experiments were carried out as described in the OECD Guideline 232 [CSN ISO 11267 - Soil quality - Inhibition of reproduction of Collembola (Folsomia candida) by soil pollutants]. The reproductive effects of palladium (PdCl2) and rhodium (RhCl3) were examined. Concentrations of PGE tested were as follows: 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 µmol.L-1. The EC50 (medium effective concentration) was determined after 28 days of exposure. Inhibition of reproduction of PGE-exposed collembolans was compared against controls. RESULTS: Values of 28dEC50 of PdCl2 and RhCl3 amounted to 21.0 µmol.L-1 and 266.22 µmol.L-1, respectively. We can confirm that the relative order of toxicities is Pd (II) > Pt(IV) > Rh(III). CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to use Folsomia candida as an indicator species to assess the risk of soil contamination by palladium and rhodium. However, more toxicity data for various species are needed to evaluate the environmental risks of PGEs in soils.

• MeSH
• členovci účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu analýza   toxicita   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí metody   MeSH
• palladium toxicita   MeSH
• platina analýza   toxicita   MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• rhodium toxicita   MeSH
• rozmnožování účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• Publikační typ
• abstrakt z konference MeSH

Pharmaceutically active compounds are major contaminants of aquatic environments that show direct and indirect effects on aquatic organisms even at low concentrations. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of the illicit drug methamphetamine and the antidepressant sertraline on clonal marbled crayfish Procambarus virginalis. Crayfish exposed to the environmentally relevant concentrations of methamphetamine of ∼1 μg L-1 did not exhibit significant differences from unexposed controls in distance moved, velocity, and activity level with or without available shelter. Sertraline-exposed (∼1 μg L-1) crayfish were significantly more active, regardless of available shelter, and moved greater distances when shelter was available, compared to control crayfish. Crayfish exposed to methamphetamine and sertraline spent significantly more time outside the shelters compared to controls. Sertraline-exposed crayfish spawned more frequently and showed higher mortality than controls. The results suggest that the low environmental concentrations of the tested compounds could alter the behavior and life history traits of crayfish, resulting in higher reproductive effort and mortality.

• MeSH
• bezobratlí MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu toxicita   MeSH
• chování zvířat účinky léků   MeSH
• methamfetamin toxicita   MeSH
• sertralin toxicita   MeSH
• severní raci účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• stadia vývoje účinky léků   MeSH
• vodní organismy účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH