Age-related dynamics of protozoan and helminth infections in the red-legged partridge, Alectoris rufa, were studied in an intensive breeding aviary in the Czech Republic before releasing birds for hunting purposes. Pooled fecal samples (n = 900) were examined over 3 rearing seasons (2012-2014). A total of 4 protozoan species, Cryptosporidium baileyi, Cryptosporidium meleagridis, Eimeria kofoidi, and Eimeria legionensis, and 4 helminths, Capillaria phasianina, Eucoleus perforans, Heterakis gallinarum, and Syngamus trachea, was found. The most common parasite was S. trachea (prevalence 20-26%) in dead birds (n = 99), which represents a high risk for breeders. Co-occurrence of protozoans and helminths indicated similarities in infection dynamics throughout the 3 breeding seasons. Mixed infections of Cryptosporidium baileyi and C. meleagridis with other parasitic species are reported for the first time. Our findings provide new insights into breeding of A. rufa and may help to improve the efficacy of disease control strategies and prevention, especially with the potential for spreading of parasitic infections to wildlife through released birds into open areas.

• MeSH
• Capillaria klasifikace   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• cizopasní červi klasifikace   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Cryptosporidium klasifikace   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Eimeria klasifikace   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• feces parazitologie   MeSH
• Galliformes parazitologie   MeSH
• helmintózy zvířat epidemiologie   parazitologie   přenos   MeSH
• hlístice klasifikace   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• nemoci ptáků epidemiologie   parazitologie   přenos   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• protozoální infekce zvířat epidemiologie   parazitologie   přenos   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• Spirurida klasifikace   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Strongyloidea klasifikace   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

The close phylogenetic relationship between humans and nonhuman primates (NHPs) can result in a high potential for pathogen exchange. In recent decades, NHP and human interactions have become more frequent due to increasing habitat encroachment and ecotourism. Strongylid communities, which include members of several genera, are typically found in NHPs. Using optimized high-throughput sequencing for strain-level identification of primate strongylids, we studied the structure of strongylid communities in NHPs and humans co-habiting a tropical forest ecosystem in the Central African Republic. General taxonomic assignment of 85 ITS-2 haplotypes indicated that the studied primates harbour at least nine genera of strongylid nematodes, with Oesophagostomum and Necator being the most prevalent. We detected both host-specific and shared strongylid haplotypes. Skin-penetrating Necator gorillaehaplotypes were shared between humans and gorillas but Necator americanus were much more restricted to humans. Strongylid communities of local hunter-gatherers employed as trackers were more similar to those of gorillas compared to their relatives, who spent more time in villages. This was due to lower abundance of human-origin N. americanus in both gorillas and trackers. Habituated gorillas or those under habituation did not show larger overlap of strongylids with humans compared to unhabituated. We concluded that the occurrence of the human-specific strongylids in gorillas does not increase with direct contact between gorillas and humans due to the habituation. Overall, our results indicate that the degree of habitat sharing between hosts, together with mode of parasite transmission, are important factors for parasite spillover among primates.

• MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• genetická variace genetika   MeSH
• Gorilla gorilla genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Necator genetika   MeSH
• Oesophagostomum genetika   MeSH
• primáti genetika   MeSH
• sympatrie genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Five of the 13 known species of Mammomonogamus have been described in members of the family Felidae, including domestic cats, making felids the most frequent hosts of Mammomonogamus. The occurrence of Mammomonogamus in felids is geographically scattered and information on the life cycle and other aspects of infections is lacking. The paucity of data opens the questions on possible conspecificity of some of the described species of Mammomonogamus and on the existence of possible reservoirs for infections in domestic cats in geographically isolated endemic foci of infection. To test such hypotheses, we compared sequences of mitochondrial and nuclear markers obtained from Mammomonogamus adults or eggs collected from domestic cats in three geographically distant localities. Based on morphology, geographic origin and site of infection, the worms examined can be referred to as Mammomonogamus ierei and Mammomonogamus auris. Phylogenetic analyses of both mitochondrial and ribosomal DNA markers showed monophyly of the genus Mammomonogamus and suggested the existence of at least two species in cats. Review of the literature, the existence of several species and the discontinuous geographic distribution of Mammomonogamus infections in domestic cats suggest an historical spillover of infection from wild reservoirs, presumably wild felids.

• MeSH
• divoká zvířata parazitologie   MeSH
• Felidae parazitologie   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• hospodářská zvířata parazitologie   MeSH
• infekce hlísticemi řádu Strongylida veterinární   MeSH
• kočky parazitologie   MeSH
• mitochondriální DNA genetika   MeSH
• ribozomální DNA genetika   MeSH
• rozšíření zvířat MeSH
• Strongyloidea klasifikace   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• zdroje nemoci parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• zeměpis MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• kočky parazitologie   MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Four species of Mammomonogamus are known from large African herbivores. A recent study demonstrated that a single Mammomonogamus species was shared by both western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and African forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis) in Central African Republic, suggesting lower species diversity than previously described in literature. We examined more than 500 fecal samples collected from sympatric African forest elephants, western lowland gorillas, and African forest buffaloes (Syncerus caffer nanus) at four study sites across Central Africa and examined them by coproscopic methods to detect Mammomonogamus eggs, which were found at three of the study sites. Subsequently, sequences of 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, and cox1 amplified from individual eggs were analyzed. Phylogenetic analyses of both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA revealed two clades: one formed by sequences originating from Gabonese buffaloes and the other comprising gorillas and elephants. The gorilla-elephant clade was further differentiated depending on the locality. We show the existence of at least two distinct species of Mammomonogamus, M. loxodontis in elephants and gorillas and M. nasicola in buffaloes. The available information on Mammomonogamus in African herbivores is reviewed.

• MeSH
• buvoli parazitologie   MeSH
• býložravci MeSH
• Entamoeba genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• feces parazitologie   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• Gorilla gorilla parazitologie   MeSH
• helmintózy zvířat parazitologie   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita MeSH
• karboxypeptidasy genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mitochondriální DNA genetika   MeSH
• ribozomální DNA genetika   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 18S genetika   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 28S genetika   MeSH
• sloni parazitologie   MeSH
• Strongyloidea * klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Středoafrická republika MeSH

Increased anthropogenic activity can result in parasite exchanges and/or general changes in parasite communities, imposing a health risk to great apes. We studied protist and helminth parasites of wild western lowland gorilla groups in different levels of habituation, alongside humans inhabiting Dzanga-Sangha Protected Areas in the Central African Republic. Faeces were collected yearly during November and December from 2007 to 2010 and monthly from November 2010 to October 2011. Protist and helminth infections were compared among gorilla groups habituated, under habituation and unhabituated, and the effect of host traits and seasonality was evaluated. Zoonotic potential of parasites found in humans was assessed. No significant differences in clinically important parasites among the groups in different stages of habituation were found, except for Entamoeba spp. However, humans were infected with four taxa which may overlap with taxa found in gorillas. Females were less infected with spirurids, and adults had higher intensities of infection of Mammomonogamus sp. We found seasonal differences in the prevalence of several parasite taxa, but most importantly, the intensity of infection of unidentified strongylids was higher in the dry season. This study highlights that habituation may not necessarily pose a greater risk of protist and helminth infections in gorilla groups.

• MeSH
• Entamoeba izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• feces parazitologie   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• Gorilla gorilla parazitologie   MeSH
• helmintózy zvířat parazitologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci lidoopů parazitologie   MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• Strongyloidea klasifikace   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Středoafrická republika MeSH

This study evaluated patterns and species composition of parasitic infections detected over a 1-year period at an organic goat farm. As a result of coprological examination, the overall prevalence of observed strongylids (99%), coccidia of the genus Eimeria (98%), and Muellerius capillaris lungworms (93%) was calculated. The most prevalent strongylids recovered from incubated fecal samples were Haemonchus contortus (42%), genera Trichostrongylus (23%), Oesophagostomum columbianum (13%), and Teladorsagia circumcincta (11%). A maximum intensity of coccidia infection 5150 oocysts per gram, strongylids infection 9900 eggs per gram and lungworm infection 867.26 larvae per gram were detected. The various effects (including environment, host, and parasites) on milk yield, lactose, protein, and fat were evaluated using generalized linear mixed models. Milk yield (P < 0.0001), milk fat (P < 0.01), and lactose (P < 0.0001) were affected by month, i.e., these parameters were influenced by the month of the year, regardless of the individual goat. With the intensity of infection detected in our study, only protein content was affected (P < 0.01) by parasitic infection (exclusively caused by strongylids). Correlation between measurements from one individual revealed that the goat itself can substantially decrease protein content but has much less of an effect on fat, milk yield, and lactose. Based on our results, we can conclude that a low intensity of parasitic infections does not significantly affect milk yield and the qualitative parameters of milk.

• MeSH
• biozemědělství MeSH
• ezofágostomiáza epidemiologie   veterinární   MeSH
• farmy MeSH
• feces parazitologie   MeSH
• Haemonchus izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• hemonchóza epidemiologie   veterinární   MeSH
• infekce hlísticemi řádu Strongylida epidemiologie   veterinární   MeSH
• kozy parazitologie   MeSH
• Metastrongyloidea izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• mléko sekrece   MeSH
• nemoci koz epidemiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• Oesophagostomum izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• počet parazitárních vajíček veterinární   MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• trichostrongylóza epidemiologie   veterinární   MeSH
• Trichostrongylus izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH

Syngamid strongylids of the genus Mammomonogamus undoubtedly belong among the least known nematodes with apparent zoonotic potential and the real diversity of the genus remains hard to evaluate without extensive molecular data. Eggs of Mammomonogamus sp. are frequently found in feces of African forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis) and western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in Dzanga-Sangha Protected Areas. Using sedimentation-based coproscopic techniques, we found the eggs of Mammomonogamus in 19·7% elephant and 54·1% gorilla fecal samples with 8-55 and 1-24 eggs per gram of fecal sediment for elephants and gorillas, respectively. We used a combination of light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and analysis of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) and a partial sequence of 18S rDNA isolated from single eggs to test the hypothesis of possible Mammomonogamus conspecificity in gorillas and elephants. Whereas 18S rDNA sequences were identical in both gorillas and elephants, we distinguished seven different haplotypes within the cox1. Two haplotypes were found in both gorillas and elephants suggesting sharing of Mammomonogamus. Assignment of the parasite to M. loxodontis is proposed. Provided sequences represent the first genomic data on Mammomonogamus spp.

• MeSH
• DNA helmintů genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• Gorilla gorilla * MeSH
• hostitelská specificita MeSH
• infekce hlísticemi řádu Strongylida epidemiologie   parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita MeSH
• nemoci lidoopů epidemiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• proteiny červů genetika   MeSH
• respirační komplex IV genetika   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 18S genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA veterinární   MeSH
• sloni * MeSH
• Strongyloidea klasifikace   genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Středoafrická republika epidemiologie   MeSH

The systematic position and validity of species within genus Syngamus have always been controversial. In this present work, we evaluated the taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationships between three species of Syngamus nematodes (Syngamus trachea, Syngamus taiga and Syngamus merulae) and one taxa, determined only to the generic level, collected from respiratory tracts of passeriform hosts from Central Europe using newly obtained sequences of 2 nuclear markers (internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 [ITS1, ITS2]) and a fragment of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I [COI] gene. Our results clearly showed that S. trachea, S. taiga and S. merulae are valid, molecularly and morphologically distinct species. Moreover, molecular analysis of adult female of Syngamus sp. collected from tracheae of the European robin Erithacus rubecula clearly indicate that these comprise separate species. In the derived phylogeny, the Syngamus clade is divided into two sub-clades: one comprised Syngamus species with a characteristic, well-developed cuticular collar around the oral opening (S. trachea and S. taiga) and a second that groups taxa without or with rudimentary collar (S. merulae and currently sequenced Syngamus sp. from Erithacus rubecula). These results clearly suggest that the degree of collar development (well-developed vs. rudimentary/absent) may be an important phylogenetic feature for determining the structure of the genus Syngamus on subgeneric level. Additionally, our results support historical division of the genus Syngamus into two subgenera S. (Syngamus) and S. (Ornithogamus).

• MeSH
• dýchací soustava parazitologie   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• infekce hlísticemi řádu Strongylida parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• mezerníky ribozomální DNA genetika   MeSH
• molekulární evoluce MeSH
• molekulární typizace MeSH
• nemoci ptáků parazitologie   MeSH
• Passeriformes parazitologie   MeSH
• respirační komplex IV genetika   MeSH
• Strongyloidea klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

Resistance to anthelmintic medication of equid strongyles is a worldwide phenomenon and for this reason systematic investigations of resistant parasite populations are necessary. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the presence and distribution of equid strongyles resistant to the anthelmintics used in Romania, as well as the pre-treatment and post-treatment prevalence of species of strongylid nematodes. The Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test was performed between 2010 and 2013 on a total number of 588 horses and 23 donkeys from 26 locations (subgroups). Animals of the first group (I) consisting of subgroups no. 1-11 were treated with Albendazole (ABZ), those of the second group (II) consisting of subgroups no. 12-23 with Fenbendazole (FBZ), while Ivermectin (IVM) was used on animals of the third group (III) consisting of subgroups no. 24-26. Resistant strongyles have been found in 82% (average lower limit of the 95% confidence interval, LCL95%, was 65) of the total equids from the group treated with ABZ. In the group of horses treated with FBZ, resistant strongyles were identified in 75% of the subgroups (LCL95% = 44). No resistant strongyles have been identified in IVM-treated horse groups (LCL95% = 98). The pre-treatment prevalence of the species of the Strongylinae Müller, 1780 was 22%, whereas that with nematodes of the subfamily Cyathostominae Molin, 1861 78%. Post-treatment reduction of strongyline nematodes was observed (5%), which demonstrates the sensitivity of large strongyles to common anthelmintics. The post-treatment prevalence of cyathostomes was of 95%, which proves their resistance, especially to ABZ- and FBZ-based anthelmintics.

• MeSH
• albendazol terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Equidae parazitologie   MeSH
• feces parazitologie   MeSH
• fenbendazol terapeutické užití   MeSH
• infekce hlísticemi řádu Strongylida farmakoterapie   imunologie   MeSH
• ivermektin terapeutické užití   MeSH
• léková rezistence * MeSH
• parazitární zátěž MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• Strongyloidea * imunologie   klasifikace   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Rumunsko MeSH

Nine ponies, aged 12 months at the time of infection, were randomly allocated to one of three groups. Each pony was infected with 30,000 infective cyathostome larvae stored 4 weeks under the natural environmental conditions of the Czech Republic. Horses of Group A were infected with larvae conditioned from August 16 to September 12 (the first phase of the experiment). Horses of Group B were inoculated with larvae conditioned from October 10 to November 4 (the second phase of the experiment). In the third phase, horses from Group C received larvae stored under natural conditions (from 8.11 to 18.11.2011). The larvae were then kept under laboratory conditions (5 °C, the light reduction according to the nature condition). In the first and second phase of the experiment, 98.57% and 95.48% of adult nematodes were found, respectively. However, only 29.07% of adults were found in the third phase of experiment, and the proportion of arrested larvae (EL3) was 67.73%. The share of these larvae in the cecum during last phase of the experiment comprised 92.59% of all cyathostomes.

• MeSH
• cékum parazitologie   MeSH
• koně MeSH
• larva MeSH
• náhodné rozdělení MeSH
• nemoci koní parazitologie   MeSH
• Strongyloidea růst a vývoj   MeSH
• strongyloidóza koní parazitologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH