- MeSH
- dostupnost zdravotnických služeb MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- vakcinace MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Konžská demokratická republika MeSH
S rozvolněním protiepidemických opatření, která lze očekávat v jarních a letních měsících, a předpokládaným opětovným nárůstem cestování považujeme za přínosné shrnout aktuální informace o současné situaci výskytu cholery ve světě. Cholera je endemická v řadě zemí světa, zejména v Asii a Africe. V souvislosti s pandemií covid-19 a zhoršující se socioekonomickou situací se její výskyt v některých oblastech významně zvýšil. V zemích Evropské Unie a Evropského hospodářského prostoru se vyskytují jen ojedinělé případy onemocnění cholerou, jedná se především o importy ze zemí s výskytem cholery.
With the relaxation of anti-epidemic measures expected in the spring and summer months and the anticipated resurgence of travel, we find it useful to summarize the current situation of cholera. Cholera is endemic in many countries of the world, particularly in Asia and Africa. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and the worsening socioeconomic situation, its incidence has increased significantly in some areas. Only sporadic cases of cholera have been reported in the European Union and European Economic Area countries, which are mainly imports from endemic countries.
- MeSH
- cholera * dějiny epidemiologie přenos MeSH
- cholerové vakcíny terapeutické užití MeSH
- gastroenteritida mikrobiologie MeSH
- hlášení nemocí MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- kontrola infekčních nemocí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- přenos infekční nemoci MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Afghánistán MeSH
- Bangladéš MeSH
- Benin MeSH
- Haiti MeSH
- Indie MeSH
- Jemen MeSH
- Kamerun MeSH
- Keňa MeSH
- Mali MeSH
- Mosambik MeSH
- Nepál MeSH
- Niger MeSH
- Nigérie MeSH
- Tanzanie MeSH
- MeSH
- dějiny 20. století MeSH
- důstojnost lidského života * MeSH
- filozofie MeSH
- humanismus * dějiny MeSH
- kultura MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lidská práva etika MeSH
- sociální problémy etika MeSH
- sociální spravedlnost dějiny etika MeSH
- Check Tag
- dějiny 20. století MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Gabon MeSH
- O autorovi
- Schweitzer, Albert, 1875-1965 Autorita
Increasing population density can increase infectious disease risk and thus reduce population growth and size. Host-parasite interactions of threatened animals that remain in small protected forest fragments therefore need to be monitored carefully. Due to extreme conservation efforts, the mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) population in the 450-km2 Virunga Massif has more than doubled since 1973, reaching 604 individuals in 2016. To better understand changes in the transmission risks of soil-borne and other enteric pathogens for mountain gorillas, we determined defecation outputs of different age-sex classes and the diurnal variation in feces deposition. We weighed 399 wet fecal samples deposited at nest sites and on trails between nest sites by gorillas of varying age and sex, determined by lobe diameter, from five social groups (n = 58 gorillas) that range in the Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda. We found increasing daily average defecation outputs with increasing age-sex class (infants, 435 g; juveniles, 1346 g; medium-sized gorillas, 2446 g; silverbacks, 3609 g). Gorillas deposited two- to threefold the amount of feces at nest sites compared to on trails, suggesting that nest sites may function as hotspots for enteric pathogen infections through direct contact or when gorillas ingest foods contaminated with infectious larvae during site revisits in intervals matching the maturation period of environmentally transmitted gastrointestinal parasites. In combination with ranging and demographic data, these findings will enable the modeling of spatiotemporal variation in soil contamination and infectious disease risk for Virunga gorillas as their population density continues to increase.
- MeSH
- defekace fyziologie MeSH
- feces * MeSH
- Gorilla gorilla fyziologie MeSH
- hnízdění MeSH
- věkové faktory MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Rwanda MeSH
Apart from morphological differences, male and female faces also vary in color, especially in overall lightness and facial contrast, i.e., the contrast between the luminance and color of facial features (eyes, lips, or brows) and luminance and color of the surrounding skin. In many populations, it has been demonstrated that women tend to be lighter than men. Other differences were found in facial contrast: women have a higher contrast between the lightness of their eyes and lips and the surrounding skin. Manipulation of this contrast in an artificial genderless face can result in a masculine or feminine appearance. So far, however, this phenomenon has been studied mostly in Euro-American and East Asian samples, with little evidence from populations with darker facial tone. We explored natural sexual dimorphism in both facial contrast and lightness in an African, namely Cameroonian, sample, and compared it with results for a European, in particular Czech, population. Our findings showed that sexual differences in luminance contrast of eyes and brows were in both studied populations similar but in the Cameroonian sample, significant difference in lips contrast was absent. These results indicate that sex differences in facial contrast are a side effect of the sex differences in skin color and can be used as a proxy for skin color perception.
- MeSH
- černoši MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- obličej * diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- pigmentace kůže MeSH
- pohlavní dimorfismus * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- střední Afrika MeSH
Tsetse flies are well-known vectors of trypanosomes pathogenic for humans and livestock. For these strictly blood-feeding viviparous flies, the host blood should be the only source of nutrients and liquids, as well as any exogenous microorganisms colonising their intestine. Here we describe the unexpected finding of several monoxenous trypanosomatids in their gut. In a total of 564 individually examined Glossina (Austenia) tabaniformis (Westwood) (436 specimens) and Glossina (Nemorhina) fuscipes fuscipes (Newstead) (128 specimens) captured in the Dzanga-Sangha Protected Areas, Central African Republic, 24 (4.3%) individuals were infected with monoxenous trypanosomatids belonging to the genera Crithidia Léger, 1902; Kentomonas Votýpka, Yurchenko, Kostygov et Lukeš, 2014; Novymonas Kostygov et Yurchenko, 2020; Obscuromonas Votýpka et Lukeš, 2021; and Wallacemonas Kostygov et Yurchenko, 2014. Moreover, additional 20 (3.5%) inspected tsetse flies harboured free-living bodonids affiliated with the genera Dimastigella Sandon, 1928; Neobodo Vickerman, 2004; Parabodo Skuja, 1939; and Rhynchomonas Klebs, 1892. In the context of the recently described feeding behaviour of these dipterans, we propose that they become infected while taking sugar meals and water, providing indirect evidence that blood is not their only source of food and liquids.
- MeSH
- interakce hostitele a parazita * MeSH
- moucha tse-tse * parazitologie fyziologie MeSH
- stravovací zvyklosti MeSH
- Trypanosomatina fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Středoafrická republika MeSH
BACKGROUND: Zoonotic diseases are a serious threat to both public health and animal conservation. Most non-human primates (NHP) are facing the threat of forest loss and fragmentation and are increasingly living in closer spatial proximity to humans. Humans are infected with soil-transmitted helminths (STH) at a high prevalence, and bidirectional infection with NHP has been observed. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, genetic diversity, distribution and presence of co-infections of STH in free-ranging gorillas, chimpanzees and other NHP species, and to determine the potential role of these NHP as reservoir hosts contributing to the environmental sustenance of zoonotic nematode infections in forested areas of Cameroon and Gabon. METHODS: A total of 315 faecal samples from six species of NHPs were analysed. We performed PCR amplification, sequencing and maximum likelihood analysis of DNA fragments of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) nuclear ribosomal DNA to detect the presence and determine the genetic diversity of Oesophagostomum spp., Necator spp. and Trichuris spp., and of targeted DNA fragments of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) to detect the presence of Ascaris spp. RESULTS: Necator spp. infections were most common in gorillas (35 of 65 individuals), but also present in chimpanzees (100 of 222 individuals) and in one of four samples from greater spot-nosed monkeys. These clustered with previously described type II and III Necator spp. Gorillas were also the most infected NHP with Oesophagostomum (51/65 individuals), followed by chimpanzees (157/222 individuals), mandrills (8/12 samples) and mangabeys (7/12 samples), with O. stephanostomum being the most prevalent species. Oesophagostomum bifurcum was detected in chimpanzees and a red-capped mangabey, and a non-classified Oesophagostomum species was detected in a mandrill and a red-capped mangabey. In addition, Ternidens deminutus was detected in samples from one chimpanzee and three greater spot-nosed monkeys. A significant relative overabundance of co-infections with Necator and Oesophagostomum was observed in chimpanzees and gorillas. Trichuris sp. was detected at low prevalence in a gorilla, a chimpanzee and a greater spot-nosed monkey. No Ascaris was observed in any of the samples analysed. CONCLUSIONS: Our results on STH prevalence and genetic diversity in NHP from Cameroon and Gabon corroborate those obtained from other wild NHP populations in other African countries. Future research should focus on better identifying, at a molecular level, the species of Necator and Oesophagostomum infecting NHP and determining how human populations may be affected by increased proximity resulting from encroachment into sylvatic STH reservoir habitats.
- MeSH
- cizopasní červi klasifikace genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- divoká zvířata parazitologie MeSH
- DNA helmintů genetika MeSH
- feces parazitologie MeSH
- helmintózy zvířat epidemiologie přenos MeSH
- primáti klasifikace parazitologie MeSH
- půda parazitologie MeSH
- zoonózy epidemiologie parazitologie přenos MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Gabon MeSH
- Kamerun MeSH
(1) Background: Organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) are major chemicals used in agriculture for eradication of insecticides/pesticides. Unfortunately, the longtime exposure of human beings to OPPs could lead to metabolic disorder such as high blood pressure, hyperglycemia, overweight or dyslipidemia. The aim of this research is to evaluate the possible metabolic dysregulations as a consequence of chronic OPPs exposure to individuals in Cameroon and Pakistan. (2) Methods: Blood samples were collected from 300 participants in each country, into ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tubes. The samples were extracted with solid phase extraction (methanol/water) for analysis of OPPs with gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The spectrophotometry and Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) were used to measure the hepatic, renal, pancreatic and cardiovascular functions. The atherogenic index (AI) was also determined in OPPs exposed and nonexposed cohorts. (3) Results: The results showed the presence of malathion, parathion and chlorpyrifos OPPs residues in Cameroonians, and malathion and chlorpyrifos in Pakistani samples, respectively. Elevated Body Mass Index (BMI), insulin, blood glucose, dyslipidemia and hypertension were noted in OPPs chronic exposed groups. In addition, dysregulated liver and kidney function profiles were observed in all participants regardless of gender and age groups. (4) Conclusions: The study concludes that both the study cohorts showed several metabolic dysregulations attributable to chronic exposure to a mixture of OPPs which may provide precursors for establishment of metabolic syndrome and other chronic diseases. Further different extended population-based studies are suggested to understand the differential metabolic dysfunctions caused by structurally different OPPs mixtures exposure.
- MeSH
- insekticidy * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- organofosforové sloučeniny MeSH
- pesticidy * toxicita MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Kamerun MeSH
- Pákistán MeSH
Objectives: Reminiscence is considered an important aspect of successful ageing. Prominent reminiscence functions in old age are to pass on important experiences (Teach/Inform) and to prepare for death (Death Preparation). These reminiscence functions were hypothesized to be associated with generative behavior which in turn was hypothesized to be associated with meaning in life. Thus, we tested an indirect effect of reminiscence functions on meaning in life mediated by generative behavior.Method: Elderly participants provided information on reminiscence functions, generative behavior, and meaning in life. Participants were recruited in Cameroon, China (Hong Kong), the Czech Republic, and Germany, to test the generalizability of findings.Results: The assumed indirect effect was identified: Reminiscence functions were associated with meaning in life via generative behavior. This pattern was found for all cultural samples.Conclusion: Albeit results have to be interpreted with caution as they are based on cross-sectional data, findings suggest that these reminiscence functions motivate generative behavior and thus indirectly affect meaning in life in elderlies from all four cultural contexts. In future studies, this effect needs to be replicated with a broader age range and a more fine-grained measure of generative behavior to account for potential differences in culturally appropriate generative outlets.
17. července 2019 označil ředitel Světové zdravotnické organizace, na základě zhodnocení situace v Demokratické republice Kongo (DRK), vzhledem k pokračující epidemii virové hemoragické horečky Ebola, jako Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Důvody tohoto opatření jsou podloženy podrobnou analýzou, ze které vychází i předpoklad vysoké pravděpodobnosti pokračujícího rozšiřování onemocnění do nových lokalit jak v DRK, tak i v přeshraničních oblastech. Naopak globální nebezpečí (zavlečení infekce mimo africký kontinent) bylo vyhodnoceno stále jako nízkorizikové.
On July 17, 2019 the Director of the World Health Organization, based on an assessment of the situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), named the Public Health Emergency of International Concern due to the ongoing epidemic of the Ebola haemorrhagic fever. The reasons for this measure are supported by a detailed analysis, which also assumes a high probability of the continued spread of the disease to new localities both in DRC and in cross-border areas. On the contrary, the global danger (the introduction of infection outside the African continent) was still assessed as low risk.
- MeSH
- epidemie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- epidemiologické faktory MeSH
- hemoragická horečka Ebola * prevence a kontrola MeSH
- kontrola infekčních nemocí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ozbrojené konflikty * MeSH
- ozbrojené síly MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Konžská demokratická republika MeSH
