OBJECTIVES: Smoking has been extensively investigated as a risk factor for periodontal disease and many studies have confirmed it. The aim of this study was to show data from Croatia on periodontal health among high school students, with the focus on association of tobacco use and oral hygiene habits, and the periodontal parameters. METHODS: Pocket probing depth (PPD), bleeding on probing, supragingival calculus, and oral hygiene habits were recorded for each examinee out of 517 high school students. PPD was measured at 4 interproximal sites on all first molars and central incisors (index teeth). RESULTS: There were 34.6% smokers among subjects, who started smoking on average at the age of 14. More than half of the smokers (55.3%) smoked 1-10 cigarettes per day and intensity of smoking increased with age. PPD was significantly greater (p = 0.012) in smokers (1.69 mm) than in non-smokers (1.59 mm). In non-smoking subjects, increased values of PPD were in direct proportion to the reduced frequency of brushing, while there was no difference in smokers. The number of cigarettes smoked and duration of smoking had a great influence on PPD. Smokers had on average more teeth with supragingival calculus than non-smokers, while non-smokers had more bleeding on probing, and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study indicated that cigarette smoking was associated with decreased periodontal health even in this young population. Irregular oral hygiene was associated with decreased periodontal health only in non-smokers. Therefore, it should be important to inform young smokers about the negative effects of cigarette smoking on periodontal health, to provide consultations and reinforce smoking prevention measures.
- MeSH
- čištění zubů MeSH
- kouření cigaret * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- nemoci parodontu * epidemiologie etiologie MeSH
- parodontální chobot MeSH
- průřezové studie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- bakteriemie komplikace MeSH
- dysbióza komplikace MeSH
- kardiovaskulární nemoci etiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrobiota MeSH
- nemoci parodontu etiologie komplikace MeSH
- parodont MeSH
- parodontitida * etiologie komplikace patofyziologie MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- symbióza MeSH
- zubní plak mikrobiologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- MeSH
- antiinfekční látky terapeutické užití MeSH
- autoimunitní hepatitida * diagnóza farmakoterapie krev MeSH
- autoimunitní nemoci farmakoterapie MeSH
- azathioprin terapeutické užití MeSH
- chronická parodontitida * etiologie terapie MeSH
- cyklosporin terapeutické užití MeSH
- imunosupresiva * antagonisté a inhibitory klasifikace škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- imunosupresivní léčba MeSH
- indexy plaku MeSH
- kombinovaná farmakoterapie MeSH
- komorbidita MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nemoci dásní etiologie farmakoterapie terapie MeSH
- nemoci parodontu etiologie patofyziologie prevence a kontrola terapie MeSH
- parodontální chobot terapie MeSH
- prednison terapeutické užití MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
- MeSH
- cysty čelistí etiologie komplikace MeSH
- extrakce zubů * MeSH
- fraktury mandibuly etiologie komplikace prevence a kontrola MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- malokluze chirurgie etiologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- molár třetí * chirurgie MeSH
- nemoci parodontu etiologie komplikace MeSH
- osteoporóza komplikace patofyziologie MeSH
- syndrom temporomandibulárního kloubu etiologie komplikace MeSH
- zubní kaz chirurgie etiologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
