• MeSH
• diagnostické techniky oftalmologické MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• oční nemoci * diagnóza   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• primární prevence MeSH
• zrak fyziologie   MeSH
• zrakové testy MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• Publikační typ
• směrnice pro lékařskou praxi MeSH

• MeSH
• chování zvířat MeSH
• chuť fyziologie   MeSH
• čich fyziologie   MeSH
• deratizace MeSH
• hlodavci * MeSH
• hmat fyziologie   MeSH
• zrak fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH

• MeSH
• brýle MeSH
• kontaktní čočky MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• optometrie * metody   MeSH
• sporty MeSH
• zrak * fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• rozhovory MeSH

Previous research on cross-cultural differences in visual attention has been inconclusive. Some studies have suggested the existence of systematic differences in global and local attention and context sensitivity, while others have produced negative or mixed results. The objective in this study was to examine the similarities and differences in holistic and analytic cognitive styles in a sample of Czech and Taiwanese university students. Two cognitive tasks were conducted: a Compound Figures Test and a free-viewing scene perception task which manipulated several focal objects and measured eye-movement patterns. An analysis of the reaction times in the Compound Figures Test showed no clear differences between either sample. An analysis of eye-movement metrics showed certain differences between the samples. While Czechs tended to focus relatively more on the focal objects measured by the number of fixations, the Taiwanese subjects spent more time fixating on the background. The results were consistent for scenes with one or two focal objects. The results of a correlation analysis of both tasks showed that they were unrelated. These results showed certain differences between the samples in visual perception but were not as systematic as the theory of holistic and analytic cognitive styles would suggest. An alternative model of cross-cultural differences in cognition and perception is discussed.

• MeSH
• Asijci MeSH
• běloši MeSH
• kognice fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• oční fixace fyziologie   MeSH
• pohyby očí fyziologie   MeSH
• pozornost fyziologie   MeSH
• reakční čas fyziologie   MeSH
• srovnání kultur MeSH
• studenti MeSH
• univerzity MeSH
• zrak fyziologie   MeSH
• zraková percepce fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Taiwan MeSH

• MeSH
• čich fyziologie   MeSH
• čití, cítění fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• poruchy čichu diagnóza   klasifikace   MeSH
• poruchy senzitivity * diagnóza   klasifikace   patologie   MeSH
• poruchy sluchu diagnóza   klasifikace   MeSH
• poruchy zraku diagnóza   klasifikace   MeSH
• propriocepce fyziologie   MeSH
• sluch fyziologie   MeSH
• terminologie jako téma MeSH
• tractus spinothalamicus fyziologie   MeSH
• zrak fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

In deep-water animals, the visual sensory system is often challenged by the dim-light environment. Here, we focus on the molecular mechanisms involved in rapid deep-water adaptations. We examined visual system evolution in a small-scale yet phenotypically and ecologically diverse adaptive radiation, the species flock of cichlid fishes in deep crater lake Barombi Mbo in Cameroon, West Africa. We show that rapid adaptations of the visual system to the novel deep-water habitat primarily occurred at the level of gene expression changes rather than through nucleotide mutations, which is compatible with the young age of the radiation. Based on retinal bulk RNA sequencing of all eleven species, we found that the opsin gene expression pattern was substantially different for the deep-water species. The nine shallow-water species feature an opsin palette dominated by the red-sensitive (LWS) opsin, whereas the two unrelated deep-water species lack expression of LWS and the violet-sensitive (SWS2B) opsin, thereby shifting the cone sensitivity to the centre of the light spectrum. Deep-water species further predominantly express the green-sensitive RH2Aα over RH2Aβ. We identified one amino acid substitution in the RH2Aα opsin specific to the deep-water species. We finally performed a comparative gene expression analysis in retinal tissue of deep- vs. shallow-water species. We thus identified 46 differentially expressed genes, many of which are associated with functions in vision, hypoxia management or circadian clock regulation, with some of them being associated with human eye diseases.

• MeSH
• cichlidy genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• čípky retiny - opsiny genetika   MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• jezera MeSH
• molekulární evoluce * MeSH
• regulace genové exprese genetika   MeSH
• retina metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza RNA MeSH
• světlo MeSH
• zrak genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Kamerun MeSH

Humans display a very good understanding of the content in briefly presented photographs. To achieve this understanding, humans rely on information from both high-acuity central vision and peripheral vision. Previous studies have investigated the relative contribution of central and peripheral vision. However, the role of attention in this task remains unclear. In this study, we presented composite images with a scene in the center and another scene in the periphery. The two channels conveyed different information, and the participants were asked to focus on one channel while ignoring the other. In two experiments, we showed that (a) people are better at recognizing the central part, (b) the conflicting signal in the ignored part hinders performance, and (c) this effect is true for both parts (focusing on the central or peripheral part). We conclude that scene recognition is based on both central and peripheral information, even when participants are instructed to focus only on one part of the image and ignore the other. In contrast to the zoom-out hypothesis, we propose that the gist recognition process should be interpreted in terms of the evidence accumulation model in which information from the to-be-ignored parts is also included.

• MeSH
• deformace percepce fyziologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• pozornost * MeSH
• rozpoznávání obrazu fyziologie   MeSH
• zrak fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• čití, cítění fyziologie   MeSH
• diagnostické techniky neurologické MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• percepce * fyziologie   klasifikace   MeSH
• percepční poruchy diagnóza   klasifikace   MeSH
• poruchy zraku diagnóza   klasifikace   MeSH
• sluch fyziologie   MeSH
• sluchová percepce fyziologie   MeSH
• zrak fyziologie   MeSH
• zraková percepce fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neurony fyziologie   MeSH
• neuroprotekce * fyziologie   MeSH
• optická koherentní tomografie MeSH
• retina diagnostické zobrazování   patofyziologie   MeSH
• zánět zrakového nervu * diagnostické zobrazování   patofyziologie   MeSH
• zrak * fyziologie   MeSH
• zraková ostrost * fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

Studies on amphioxus, representing the most basal group of chordates, can give insights into the evolution of vertebrate traits. The present review of amphioxus research is focused on the physiology of light-guided behavior as well as on the fine structure, molecular biology, and electrophysiology of the nervous system, with special attention being given to the photoreceptive organs. The amphioxus visual system is especially interesting because four types of receptors are involved in light detection - dorsal ocelli and Joseph cells (both rhabdomeric photoreceptors) and the frontal eye and lamellar body (both ciliary photoreceptors). Here, we consider how the available information on photoreceptive organs and light-guided behavior in amphioxus helps generate hypotheses about the history of these features during chordate and subsequently vertebrate evolution.

• MeSH
• cirkadiánní rytmus MeSH
• fotoreceptory obratlovců metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• fotoreceptory metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• kopinatci genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• molekulární evoluce MeSH
• obratlovci genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• opsiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• zrak genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH