Roxadustat (RXD) is an approved drug substances for the treatment of renal anemia. It has poor aqueous solubility and photochemical stability. This study employs a comprehensive approach to enhance the stability and physicochemical properties RXD through coformer selection and characterization. The investigation integrates delta pKa analysis, molecular complementary assessment, molecular electrostatic potential surface analysis, and machine learning techniques to predict potential co-crystal formation and binding interactions between drug molecules and coformers. The co-crystal screening which lead to in a novel RXD-nicotinamide co-crystal (RXD-NA). Experimental characterization underscores the physical and chemical stability of the co-crystals. To elucidate the supramolecular synthons and understand the intermolecular interactions in the RXD-NA co-crystal, Hirshfeld surfaces analysis, quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) analysis and non-covalent interaction (NCI) analysis were performed. Computational analysis of photo-isomer formation aligns with experimental observations, further enhancing our understanding of RXD-coformer interactions. RXD-NA co-crystal was found photo-chemically stable as compared to free base API drug substance. This integrated methodology provides a systematic framework for informed co-crystal design, holding promise for optimizing RXD formulations based on molecular interactions and stability considerations. Consequently, this study contributes valuable insights to the field of rational drug design and formulation optimization.
- MeSH
- glycin * MeSH
- rozpustnost MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Changes in the protonation state of lyophilized proteins can impact structural integrity, chemical stability, and propensity to aggregate upon reconstitution. When a buffer is chosen, the freezing/drying process may result in dramatic changes in the protonation state of the protein due to ionization shift of the buffer. In order to determine whether protonation shifts are occurring, ionizable probes can be added to the formulation. Optical probes (dyes) have shown dramatic ionization changes in lyophilized products, but it is unclear whether the pH indicator is uniform throughout the matrix and whether the change in the pH indicator actually mirrors drug ionization changes. In solid-state NMR (SSNMR) spectroscopy, the chemical shift of the carbonyl carbon in carboxylic acids is very sensitive to the ionization state of the acid. Therefore, SSNMR can be used to measure ionization changes in a lyophilized matrix by employing a small quantity of an isotopically-labeled carboxylic acid species in the formulation. This paper compares the apparent pH of six trehalose-containing lyophilized buffer systems using SSNMR and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UVDRS). Both SSNMR and UVDRS results using two different ionization probes (butyric acid and bromocresol purple, respectively) showed little change in apparent acidity compared to the pre-lyophilized solution in a sodium citrate buffer, but a greater change was observed in potassium phosphate, sodium phosphate, and histidine buffers. While the trends between the two methods were similar, there were differences in the numerical values of equivalent pH (pHeq) observed between the two methods. The potential causes contributing to the differences are discussed.
- MeSH
- fosfáty * chemie MeSH
- histidin * chemie MeSH
- koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
- kyselina citronová chemie MeSH
- lyofilizace * metody MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční spektroskopie * metody MeSH
- pufry MeSH
- spektrofotometrie ultrafialová metody MeSH
- trehalosa * chemie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Oxime reactivators of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) represent an integral part of standard antidote treatment of organophosphate poisoning. Oxime K869 is a novel bisquaternary non-symmetric pyridinium aldoxime with two pyridinium rings connected by a tetramethylene bridge where two chlorines modify the pyridinium ring bearing the oxime moiety. Based on in vitro assays, K869 is a potent AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) reactivator. For the investigation of the basic pharmacokinetic properties of K869 after its intramuscular application, new HPLC-UV and LC-MS/MS methods were developed and validated for its determination in rat body fluids and tissues. In this study, the SPE procedure for sample pretreatment was optimized as an alternative to routine protein precipitation widely used in oxime pharmacokinetics studies. K869 oxime is quickly absorbed into the central compartment reaching its maximum in plasma (39 ± 4 μg/mL) between 15 and 20 min. The majority of K869 was eliminated by kidneys via urine when compared with biliary excretion. However, only a limited amount of K869 (65 ± 4 ng/g of brain tissue) was found in the brain 30 min after oxime administration. Regarding the brain/plasma ratio calculated (less than 1%), the penetration of K869 into the brain did not exceed conventionally used oximes.
- MeSH
- acetylcholinesterasa MeSH
- cholinesterasové inhibitory MeSH
- chromatografie kapalinová MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- oximy MeSH
- reaktivátory cholinesterasy * MeSH
- tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
- tělesné tekutiny * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Topical pain relief products differ in the type of drug, concentration, and formulation. All these factors influence the drug transit through the skin barrier, and its eventual retention in the skin as a reservoir for subsequent release. In addition, the drug potency can be different, which is important for the product efficacy. We studied here ex vivo human skin permeation and retention of five over-the-counter NSAID gels containing 2.32% diclofenac (DIC) and 5-10% etofenamate (ETF). The potency of the permeated/retained drug amounts were compared using a composite parameter, the Index of Relative Topical Anti-inflammatory Activity (IRTAA), which is calculated as the product of the skin permeation/retention and the drug relative potency. The IRTAAs of the DIC gel were 94-667-fold higher and 72-208-fold higher for transdermal delivery and skin retention, respectively, than IRTAAs of the ETF gels. These superior IRTAAs indicate that DIC delivered by this topical formulation would achieve a higher bioactivity and would form a potent drug reservoir relevant for its subsequent long-lasting release.
For successful formulation of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) using hot-melt extrusion, it is imperative to understand the effect that heat and shear rate has on the physicochemical properties of the excipient. In this study, we investigated the influence of hot-melt extrusion parameters on solvent-free binary ASDs of ibuprofen (IBU), a model active pharmaceutical ingredient, in methacrylic acid-ethyl acrylate copolymer type A, 1:1, EUDRAGIT® L100-55 (EUD). To evaluate the impact of barrel temperature, screw speed, and residence time on EUD mass average molar mass and IBU release profile, size-exclusion chromatography and dissolution testing were used, respectively. The optimal conditions were established for IBU loadings less than 40 wt. %. For ASD formulations prepared using the ideal variables, spectral and thermal analyses confirmed that, under dry conditions at a temperature of 25°C, IBU remained amorphous during an 18-month storage period. After 28 months, formulations with active pharmaceutical ingredient content above 30 wt. % started to recrystallize. A temperature-composition phase diagram, constructed using melting point depression and glass-transition temperature measurements of IBU-EUD mixtures, correlated well with the long-term physical stability. The effect that minor-to-moderate polymer degradation within the extrudates has on their long-term physical stability and dissolution characteristics is analyzed and discussed.
Many new therapeutic candidates and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are poorly soluble in an aqueous environment, resulting in their reduced bioavailability. A promising way of enhancing the release of an API and, thus, its bioavailability seems to be the use of liquid oil marbles (LOMs). An LOM system behaves as a solid form but consists of an oil droplet in which an already dissolved API is encapsulated by a powder. This study aims to optimize the oil/powder combination for the development of such systems. LOMs were successfully prepared for 15 oil/powder combinations, and the following properties were investigated: particle mass fraction, dissolution time, and mechanical stability. Furthermore, the release of API from both LOMs and LOMs encapsulated into gelatine capsules was studied.
- MeSH
- biologická dostupnost MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- farmaceutická chemie MeSH
- nosiče léků chemie MeSH
- oleje chemie MeSH
- prášky, zásypy, pudry MeSH
- příprava léků metody MeSH
- rozpustnost MeSH
- stabilita léku MeSH
- tobolky MeSH
- uvolňování léčiv MeSH
- voda chemie MeSH
- želatina chemie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The preparation of liquisolid systems presents a promising and innovative possibility for enhancing dissolution profiles and improving the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. This study aims to evaluate the differences in the properties of liquisolid systems containing combinations of 3 commercially used superdisintegrants (sodium starch glycolate, crospovidone, and croscarmellose sodium). Multiple regression models and contour plots were used to study how the amount and the type of superdisintegrant used affected the quality parameters of liquisolid tablets. The results revealed that an increased amount of crospovidone in the mixture improves disintegration and wetting time and enhances drug release from the prepared liquisolid tablets. Moreover, it was observed that a binary blend of crospovidone and sodium starch glycolate improved tablet disintegration. Considering the obtained results, it could be stated that crospovidone showed the best properties to be used as superdisintegrant for the preparation of liquisolid systems containing rosuvastatin.
- MeSH
- farmaceutická chemie metody MeSH
- farmaceutické pomocné látky chemická syntéza farmakokinetika MeSH
- lékové formy MeSH
- pomocné látky chemická syntéza farmakokinetika MeSH
- povidon chemická syntéza metabolismus MeSH
- rozpustnost MeSH
- škrob analogy a deriváty chemická syntéza farmakokinetika MeSH
- sodná sůl karboxymethylcelulosy chemická syntéza farmakokinetika MeSH
- uvolňování léčiv MeSH
- výzkumný projekt MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF, form I) is an orally delivered pharmaceutical salt used for the treatment of HIV and chronic hepatitis, which acts as an inhibitor of nucleotide reverse transcriptase. There are many solid forms of TDF described in the literature; 2 of them were identified in the drug products: form I and form A. It seems that during formulation, the active pharmaceutical ingredient undergoes partial to total conversion of TDF form I to TDF form A. The goals of this study were to investigate when and why did the conversion occur and whether the conversion could be avoided and how. The influence of pH and possible interaction with excipients were studied. The conditions enabling using wet granulation in technology while preventing the undesired conversion were found. The stabilization was achieved either by replacement of used disintegrants or by acid addition to the current composition of formulation.
- MeSH
- difrakce rentgenového záření metody MeSH
- koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
- látky proti HIV chemie metabolismus MeSH
- pomocné látky chemie metabolismus MeSH
- příprava léků metody MeSH
- stabilita léku MeSH
- tenofovir chemie metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Infections of the musculoskeletal system present a serious problem with regard to the field of orthopedic and trauma medicine. The aim of the experiment described in this study was to develop a resorbable nanostructured composite layer with the controlled elution of antibiotics. The layer is composed of collagen, hydroxyapatite nanoparticles, and vancomycin hydrochloride (10 wt%). The stability of the collagen was enhanced by means of cross-linking. Four cross-linking agents were studied, namely an ethanol solution, a phosphate buffer solution of N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N'-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride/N-hydroxysuccinimide, genipin, and nordihydroguaiaretic acid. High performance liquid chromatography was used so as to characterize the in vitro release rates of the vancomycin and its crystalline degradation antibiotically inactive products over a 21-day period. The maximum concentration of the released active form of vancomycin (approximately 265 mg/L) exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentration up to an order of 17 times without triggering the burst releasing effect. At the end of the experiment, the minimum inhibitory concentration was exceeded by up to 6 times (approximately 100 mg/L). It was determined that the modification of collagen with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles does not negatively influence the sustainable release of vancomycin. The balance of vancomycin and its degradation products was observed after 14 days of incubation.
- MeSH
- hydroxyapatit MeSH
- karbodiimidy chemie MeSH
- kolagen chemie MeSH
- lékové transportní systémy metody MeSH
- léky s prodlouženým účinkem chemie MeSH
- methylaminy chemie MeSH
- nanočástice chemie MeSH
- nanostruktury chemie MeSH
- nosiče léků chemie MeSH
- vankomycin chemie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The aim of this study is to evaluate and describe the phenomenon and mechanism of the spontaneous cyclic swelling and deswelling of linear and branched aliphatic polyesters in the aqueous medium. The fluctuation of gel volume in one or several cycles as an inherent property of biodegradable and bioerodible materials has not yet been described. We have observed the process at linear and branched polyesters of aliphatic α-hydroxy acids. The period of duration of cycles was in order of hours to days, as influenced by the size of the bodies ranging from 25 to 1000 mg, the temperature in the range of 7°C-42°C, ionic strength, and pH value. The results demonstrated that swelling is accompanied by hydrolysis of ester bonds with the development of small water-soluble osmotically active molecules. After reaching a higher degree of swelling, the obstruction effect of the gel decreases and the diffusion of soluble degradation products from the body to the environment prevails. A decrease in osmotic pressure inside the body and a decrease in the hydrophilic character of the gel matrix result in deswelling by a collapse of the structure, probably due to hydrophobic interactions of nonpolar polyester chains.
- MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- chemické modely MeSH
- difuze MeSH
- hydrofobní a hydrofilní interakce MeSH
- hydrolýza MeSH
- koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
- molekulární struktura MeSH
- osmolární koncentrace MeSH
- osmotický tlak MeSH
- polyestery chemie MeSH
- teplota MeSH
- tranzitní teplota MeSH
- voda chemie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
