From around 2750 to 2500 bc, Bell Beaker pottery became widespread across western and central Europe, before it disappeared between 2200 and 1800 bc. The forces that propelled its expansion are a matter of long-standing debate, and there is support for both cultural diffusion and migration having a role in this process. Here we present genome-wide data from 400 Neolithic, Copper Age and Bronze Age Europeans, including 226 individuals associated with Beaker-complex artefacts. We detected limited genetic affinity between Beaker-complex-associated individuals from Iberia and central Europe, and thus exclude migration as an important mechanism of spread between these two regions. However, migration had a key role in the further dissemination of the Beaker complex. We document this phenomenon most clearly in Britain, where the spread of the Beaker complex introduced high levels of steppe-related ancestry and was associated with the replacement of approximately 90% of Britain's gene pool within a few hundred years, continuing the east-to-west expansion that had brought steppe-related ancestry into central and northern Europe over the previous centuries.

• MeSH
• časoprostorová analýza MeSH
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• genom lidský genetika   MeSH
• genomika * MeSH
• genový pool MeSH
• haplotypy MeSH
• kulturní evoluce dějiny   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lidský chromozom Y genetika   MeSH
• migrace lidstva dějiny   MeSH
• populační genetika MeSH
• starobylá DNA MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH
• Názvy látek
• starobylá DNA MeSH

Modern humans arrived in Europe ~45,000 years ago, but little is known about their genetic composition before the start of farming ~8,500 years ago. Here we analyse genome-wide data from 51 Eurasians from ~45,000-7,000 years ago. Over this time, the proportion of Neanderthal DNA decreased from 3-6% to around 2%, consistent with natural selection against Neanderthal variants in modern humans. Whereas there is no evidence of the earliest modern humans in Europe contributing to the genetic composition of present-day Europeans, all individuals between ~37,000 and ~14,000 years ago descended from a single founder population which forms part of the ancestry of present-day Europeans. An ~35,000-year-old individual from northwest Europe represents an early branch of this founder population which was then displaced across a broad region, before reappearing in southwest Europe at the height of the last Ice Age ~19,000 years ago. During the major warming period after ~14,000 years ago, a genetic component related to present-day Near Easterners became widespread in Europe. These results document how population turnover and migration have been recurring themes of European prehistory.

• MeSH
• běloši genetika   dějiny   MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• DNA analýza   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• efekt zakladatele MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• ledový příkrov * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• migrace lidstva dějiny   MeSH
• neandertálci genetika   MeSH
• populační dynamika MeSH
• populační genetika MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• selekce (genetika) MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH
• Střední východ MeSH
• Názvy látek
• DNA MeSH