The mutualism between plants and pollinators involves the exchange between plant resources and pollen dispersal services among con-specific plants. Since many pollinators are generalist foragers, the quality of pollination is compromised by inter-specific pollen transfer (IPT). This article proposes a mechanistic approach to model plant-pollinator interactions that considers the dynamics of pollen pick-up and its delivery to con-specific and hetero-specific targets, in parallel but separated from the consumption dynamics of plant rewards by the pollinators. This mechanism can model the interference effect caused by IPT on plant fitness, and predicts saturating effects on the quantity and efficiency of pollination. By coupling the mechanism with population dynamics, the resulting model demonstrates how plant-pollinator associations can shift between net mutualism and parasitism, depending on the ecological context and species traits.

• Klíčová slova
• Antagonism, Mutualism, Plant resources, Pollen loss, Pollen transfer, Pollinator efficiency,
• MeSH
• biologické modely * MeSH
• opylení * fyziologie   MeSH
• populační dynamika MeSH
• pyl * fyziologie   MeSH
• rostlinný nektar * fyziologie   MeSH
• symbióza fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• rostlinný nektar * MeSH

Survival and cause-specific mortality rates are vital for evidence-based population forecasting and conservation, particularly for large carnivores, whose populations are often vulnerable to human-caused mortalities. It is therefore important to know the relationship between anthropogenic and natural mortality causes to evaluate whether they are additive or compensatory. Further, the relation between survival and environmental covariates could reveal whether specific landscape characteristics influence demographic performance. We used telemetry data on 681 Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), a model apex predator with large spatial requirements, that were tracked across their European distribution. Through time-to-event analyses, we sought to determine the variables associated with differences in their survival. Illegal killing was the main cause of mortality (33.8%), and mortality rates were similar in protected and hunted populations (8.6% and 7.0% per year, respectively). Survival varied greatly across populations (70-95% per year). Across all study sites, higher hunting and anthropogenic mortality rates were partially compensated by lower rates of other mortality causes but not by natural mortality alone. Variation in survival depended on sex (female survival was 1.5 times greater than male survival) and seasonality (highest risk during hunting season and winter), and lower survival rates were correlated with higher human modification of landscapes at both coarse (home range composition) and fine (habitat use within home range) scales. Some variation in survival was driven by unobserved factors, which, given the high rates of human-caused mortalities, including illegal killing, are of foremost concern. Due to the low natural mortality rates in protected and hunted populations, we conclude that anthropogenic causes of mortality are likely close to additive, such that maintaining or increasing refuge habitat with little human disturbance is critical to lynx conservation.

Supervivencia del lince euroasiático en los paisajes europeos dominados por humanos Resumen Las tasas de supervivencia y mortalidad por causas específicas son vitales para la previsión y conservación de poblaciones basadas en evidencias, sobre todo en el caso de los grandes carnívoros, cuyas poblaciones suelen ser vulnerables a la mortalidad causada por el hombre. Por esto es importante conocer la relación entre las causas de mortalidad antropogénicas y naturales para evaluar si son aditivas o compensatorias. Además, la relación entre la supervivencia y las covariables ambientales podría revelar si las características específicas del paisaje influyen en el rendimiento demográfico. Utilizamos datos telemétricos de 681 linces euroasiáticos (Lynx lynx), un depredador ápice modelo con grandes necesidades espaciales, que fueron rastreados a lo largo de su distribución europea. Mediante análisis cronológicos, intentamos determinar las variables asociadas a las diferencias en su supervivencia. La matanza ilegal fue la principal causa de mortalidad (33.8%), y las tasas de mortalidad auales fueron similares en las poblaciones protegidas y cazadas (8.6 y 7.0%, respectivamente). La supervivencia anual varió mucho de una población a otra (del 70 al 95%). En todos los lugares de estudio, las mayores tasas de mortalidad antropogénica y por caza se vieron parcialmente compensadas por las menores tasas de otras causas de mortalidad, pero no por la mortalidad natural por sí sola. La variación en la supervivencia dependió del sexo (la supervivencia de las hembras fue 1.5 veces mayor que la de los machos) y de la estacionalidad (el mayor riesgo se registró durante la temporada de caza y el invierno), y las menores tasas de supervivencia se correlacionaron con una mayor modificación humana de los paisajes tanto a escala gruesa (composición del área de distribución) como fina (uso del hábitat dentro del área de distribución). Algunas variaciones en la supervivencia se debieron a factores no observados. Dadas las elevadas tasas de mortalidad causada por el hombre, incluidas las matanzas ilegales, estos factores son motivo de gran preocupación. Debido a las bajas tasas de mortalidad natural en poblaciones protegidas y cazadas, concluimos que las causas antropogénicas de mortalidad son probablemente casi aditivas, de modo que mantener o aumentar el hábitat de refugio con poca perturbación humana es crítico para la conservación del lince.

• Klíčová slova
• Eurasian lynx, Lynx lynx, carnívoro mayor, cause‐specific mortality, compensatory mortality, large carnivore, línce euroasiático, mortalidad compensatoria, mortalidad por causas espcíficas, supervivencia, survival,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lov * MeSH
• Lynx * fyziologie   MeSH
• populační dynamika MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• zachování přírodních zdrojů * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

Biological invasions and human migrations have increased globally due to socio-economic drivers and environmental factors that have enhanced cultural, economic, and geographic connectivity. Both processes involve the movement, establishment, and spread of species, yet unfold within fundamentally different philosophical, social and biological contexts. Hence, studying biological invasions (invasion science) and human migration (migration studies) presents complex parallels that are potentially fruitful to explore. Here, we examined nuanced parallels and differences between these two phenomena, integrating historical, socio-political, and ethical perspectives. Our review underscores the need for context-specific approaches in policymaking and governance to address effectively the challenges and opportunities of human migration and harm from biological invasions. We suggest that approaches to studying the drivers of biological invasions and human migration provide an excellent opportunity for transdisciplinary research; one that acknowledges the complexities and potential insights from both fields of study. Ultimately, integrating natural and social sciences offers a promising avenue for enriching the understanding of invasion biology and migration dynamics while pursuing just, equitable, and sustainable solutions. However, while human migration is a clear driver of biological invasions, drawing on principles from biological invasions to understand past and current human migration risks oversimplification and the potential for harmful generalisations that disregard the intrinsic rights and cultural dynamics of human migrations. By doing so, we provide insights and frameworks to support the development of context-specific policies that respect human dignity, foster cultural diversity, and address migration challenges in ways that promote global cooperation and justice. This interdisciplinary approach highlights the potential for transdisciplinary research that acknowledges complexities in both fields, ultimately enriching our understanding of invasion biology and migration dynamics while pursuing equitable and sustainable solutions.

• Klíčová slova
• biosecurity, cultural assimilation, ecological resilience, ethnocentrism, globalisation, sociopolitical dynamics, transdisciplinary research,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• migrace lidstva * MeSH
• zavlečené druhy * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Moran Birth-death process is a standard stochastic process that is used to model natural selection in spatially structured populations. A newly occurring mutation that invades a population of residents can either fixate on the whole population or it can go extinct due to random drift. The duration of the process depends not only on the total population size n, but also on the spatial structure of the population. In this work, we consider the Moran process with a single type of individuals who invade and colonize an otherwise empty environment. Mathematically, this corresponds to the setting where the residents have zero reproduction rate, thus they never reproduce. The spatial structure is represented by a graph. We present two main contributions. First, in contrast to the Moran process in which residents do reproduce, we show that the colonization time is always at most a polynomial function of the population size n. Namely, we show that colonization always takes at most [Formula: see text] expected steps, and for each n, we identify the slowest graph where it takes exactly that many steps. Moreover, we establish a stronger bound of roughly [Formula: see text] steps for undirected graphs and an even stronger bound of roughly [Formula: see text] steps for so-called regular graphs. Second, we discuss various complications that one faces when attempting to measure fixation times and colonization times in spatially structured populations, and we propose to measure the real duration of the process, rather than counting the steps of the classic Moran process.

• MeSH
• hustota populace MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mutace MeSH
• počítačová simulace MeSH
• populační dynamika * MeSH
• selekce (genetika) MeSH
• stochastické procesy MeSH
• výpočetní biologie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Synchronous fluctuations in species' abundance are influenced by synchrony in underlying rates of productivity and survival. However, it remains unclear how rate synchrony varies in space and time, contributes to abundance synchrony, and differs among species. Using long-term annual count (number of adults captured), adult survival and productivity (number of juveniles captured per adult) data for breeding land-birds at ringing sites across Europe, we show that synchrony is strongest and largest scale in productivity and weakest and smallest scale in counts. However, counts fluctuate more synchronously with survival than they do with productivity. These patterns hold for species which do not migrate or only migrate within Europe (European-residents) and those migrating to sub-Saharan Africa (subSaharan-migrants), but the periodicity of productivity and survival synchrony is longer in European-residents than in subSaharan-migrants. This suggests that survival and productivity synchrony may interact to weaken abundance fluctuations but are influenced by environmental drivers operating over differing timescales in European-resident and subSaharan-migrant species.

• Klíčová slova
• annual variation, avian ecology, conservation, migratory birds, population abundance, productivity, survival rates,
• MeSH
• hustota populace MeSH
• migrace zvířat * MeSH
• populační dynamika MeSH
• ptáci * fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• dopisy MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH
• subsaharská Afrika MeSH

Transitions from foraging to food-production represent a worldwide turning point in recent human history. In the Middle Nile Valley this cultural shift occurred between the sixth and beginning of the fifth millennium BCE. Significant craniodental morphological differences remain inadequately tested by biometric analyses of ancestry and may reflect population origins or diet change between the last hunter-fisher-gatherers (Mesolithic) and first food-producers (Neolithic). Moreover, with no ancient DNA data for this region and very few morphological studies including large samples of Mesolithic individuals, the late prehistoric population history of the Nile Valley remains unclear. Here, we present enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) morphological analyses (based on X-ray microtomography) and biological affinities for 88 individuals spanning 14,000 y from Sudan and southern Egypt. Significant EDJ morphological differences between the last foragers and first food-producers suggest major biological discontinuity at the Neolithic transition. Nevertheless, the persistence of the earlier forager population in the Sudanese Eastern Sahara indicates settlement and population replacement mainly along the Nile. We also present biological evidence of interaction and mobility between these contemporaneous populations during the middle Holocene in the region. It supports the phylogenetic value of EDJ morphology for investigating population affinities at a microevolutionary scale. These results yield insights into the deep population history of the Nile Valley. They provide firm evidence for population replacement and migration toward the region at the onset of the Neolithic transition, attesting that these key changes were not solely triggered by cultural diffusion and diet change.

• Klíčová slova
• Neolithic transition, Nile Valley, dental morphology, enamel–dentine junction, population history,
• MeSH
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• dentin * anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• migrace lidstva * dějiny   MeSH
• populační dynamika MeSH
• rentgenová mikrotomografie MeSH
• zkameněliny MeSH
• zubní sklovina * anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Súdán MeSH

Demographic interaction processes play a pivotal role during episodes of cultural diffusion between different populations, particularly when these episodes can lead to competition for the same resources and geographic space. The diffusion of farming is one prototypical case within this broader scenario, where groups of incumbent hunter-gatherers occupied a space which would later be claimed by expanding farmers. In this work, we tackle such processes through a two-population mathematical model, where farmers and foragers compete and interact in the same geographic space. We present this work as a conceptual approach where, first, we assess the implications of our theoretical model and its general applicability and, second, we empirically test it on three case studies: Denmark, Eastern Iberia, and the island of Kyushu (Japan). While these regional case studies do not encompass the full range of processes observed in the interaction between migrant farmers and incumbent hunter-gatherers they provide reasonable variation to illustrate how our model can be fitted to a diverse range of empirical data and provide insights into these demographic processes. In particular, our theoretical model and case studies illustrate how endogenous interaction processes alone can explain the demographic fluctuations observed in the archaeological record during this transition, highlighting how these should be accounted for before invoking external forces as primary drivers.

• Klíčová slova
• demographic interaction, dynamic modelling, farming expansion, group competition, population dynamics,
• MeSH
• archeologie MeSH
• demografie * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• populační dynamika * MeSH
• teoretické modely MeSH
• zemědělci * MeSH
• zemědělství * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Dánsko MeSH
• Japonsko MeSH

The European Final Palaeolithic witnessed marked changes in almost all societal domains. Despite a rich body of evidence, our knowledge of human palaeodemographic processes and regional population dynamics still needs to be improved. In this study, we present regionally differentiated population estimates for the Greenland Interstadial 1d-a (GI-1d-a; 14-12.7 ka cal BP) and the Greenland Stadial 1 (GS-1; 12.7-11.6 ka cal BP) for Southern, Western, Northern and Central Europe. The data were obtained by applying the Cologne Protocol, a geostatistical approach for estimating prehistoric population size and density, to a newly compiled dataset of Final Palaeolithic sites. On a large spatio-temporal scale and compared to preceding Upper Palaeolithic phases, areas north of the Alps become the dominant demographic growth area for the first time since the dispersal of anatomically modern humans into Europe. At smaller scales, we observe divergent regional trends, with a conspicuous lack of archaeological evidence appearing in previously occupied areas of central France and Germany. Our study also shows that during the Final Palaeolithic, the climatic cooling of GS-1 coincides with a pronounced population decline in most parts of the study area. An apparent increase in population density occurs only in north-eastern Central Europe and north-eastern Italy. Our estimates suggest that the total population was reduced by half. Similar results, with a relationship between decreasing temperatures and decreasing populations, have already been observed for the late phase of the Gravettian, when populations were reduced to only one third of those estimated for the early phase. Yet, in contrast to the collapse of local populations during the late Gravettian, the increase in population densities in Central Europe during GS-1 indicates population movements eastwards, possibly in response to deteriorating climatic conditions, particularly in western regions during the Younger Dryas.

• MeSH
• archeologie MeSH
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• hustota populace MeSH
• klimatické změny * dějiny   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• populační dynamika * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

While biodiversity loss is undeniably a global phenomenon, an increase in taxonomic richness has recently been reported from some ecosystems and spatial scales. A striking increase in abundance and/or species richness has been documented from temperate rivers over the last 25 years, with many of the expanding species (i.e. winners) being native species. However, the lack of repeatedly collected local environmental data prevents the exploration of their niche dynamics and also makes it difficult to distinguish between possible causes. We fill this gap by using species occurrence data from 65 pristine Czech rivers sampled in 1997-2000 and 2015. The same methods were used for sampling macroinvertebrates and measuring environmental parameters in both periods. We selected 43 winners, defined as taxonomically validated and originally non-rare native macroinvertebrate species whose occupancy increased by at least six sites between the time periods. We searched for consistent patterns of niche dynamics (i.e. stability, expansion and restriction) among species that might contribute most to the overall increase in species richness. Using several biological traits, we also compared the winners with the other 253 taxa collected to look for differences. Analysis of the occurrence data showed that niche stability was by far the predominant pattern of the niche dynamics. This clearly indicates that the winners fill their original niches, with a limited contribution of niche shift or expansion, depending on the species. As no significant differences in either temperature preferences or the other biological traits were found between the winners and the other taxa, there is no unique set of functional traits that explain the success of the winners. The observed mechanism of filling the original niche space by the spreading native species not only explains the increase in local species richness, but also contributes to support the hypothesis of a climate-driven increase in ecosystem energy flow from a new perspective. The increased metabolism of the system may relax interspecific competition allowing it to carry more individuals and species, even without the need for an increase in nutrients and ecosystem recovery.

• Klíčová slova
• aquatic invertebrates, increasing temperature, long‐term changes, niche filling, niche shift, streams, winners,
• MeSH
• bezobratlí * fyziologie   MeSH
• biodiverzita * MeSH
• ekosystém * MeSH
• populační dynamika MeSH
• řeky * MeSH
• zavlečené druhy * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

The Roma people have a complex demographic history shaped by their recent dispersal from a South Asian origin into Europe, accompanied by continuous population bottlenecks and gene flow. After settling in the Balkans around 1,000 years ago, the Roma gradually dispersed across Europe, and approximately 500 years ago, they established in the Iberian Peninsula what is now one of the largest Roma populations in Western Europe. Focusing specifically on the Iberian Roma, we conducted the most comprehensive genome-wide analysis of European Roma populations to date. Using allele frequency and haplotype-based methods, we analysed 181 individuals to investigate their genetic diversity, social dynamics, and migration histories at both continental and local scales. Our findings demonstrate significant gene flow from populations encountered during the Roma's dispersal and confirm their South Asian origins. We show that, between the 14th and 19th centuries, the Roma spread westward from the Balkans in various waves, with multiple admixture events. Furthermore, our findings refute previous hypotheses of a North African dispersal route into Iberia and genetic connections to Jewish populations. The Iberian Roma exhibit ten times greater genetic differentiation compared to non-Roma Iberians, indicating significant regional substructure. Additionally, we provide the first genetic evidence of assortative mating within Roma groups, highlighting distinct mating patterns and suggesting a gradual shift towards increased integration with non-Roma individuals. This study significantly enhances our understanding of how demographic history and complex genetic structure have shaped the genetic diversity of Roma populations, while also highlighting the influence of their evolving social dynamics.

• MeSH
• frekvence genu MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• haplotypy MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• migrace lidstva MeSH
• populační genetika * MeSH
• Romové * genetika   MeSH
• tok genů MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Španělsko MeSH