Cancer is most frequently treated with antineoplastic agents (ANAs) that are hazardous to patients undergoing chemotherapy and the healthcare workers who handle ANAs in the course of their duties. All aspects related to hazardous oncological drugs illustrate that the monitoring of ANAs is essential to minimize the risks associated with these drugs. Among all analytical techniques used to test ANAs, electrochemistry holds an important position. This review, for the first time, comprehensively describes the progress done in electrochemistry of ANAs by means of a variety of bare or modified (bio)sensors over the last four decades (in the period of 1982-2021). Attention is paid not only to the development of electrochemical sensing protocols of ANAs in various biological, environmental, and pharmaceutical matrices but also to achievements of electrochemical techniques in the examination of the interactions of ANAs with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), carcinogenic cells, biomimetic membranes, peptides, and enzymes. Other aspects, including the enantiopurity studies, differentiation between single-stranded and double-stranded DNA without using any label or tag, studies on ANAs degradation, and their pharmacokinetics, by means of electrochemical techniques are also commented. Finally, concluding remarks that underline the existence of a significant niche for the basic electrochemical research that should be filled in the future are presented.
- Klíčová slova
- Anticancer drugs, drugs-DNA interactions, drugs-cancer cells interactions, electroanalysis, electrochemical (bio)sensors,
- MeSH
- biosenzitivní techniky metody MeSH
- DNA chemie analýza MeSH
- elektrochemické techniky * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory farmakoterapie MeSH
- protinádorové látky * analýza chemie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Názvy látek
- DNA MeSH
- protinádorové látky * MeSH
Novel porous boron-doped diamond (BDDporous)-based materials have attracted lots of research interest due to their enhanced detection ability and biocompatibility, favouring them for use in neuroscience. This study reports on morphological, spectral, and electrochemical characterisation of three BDDporous electrodes of different thickness given by a number of deposited layers (2, 3 and 5). These were prepared using microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition on SiO2 nanofiber-based scaffolds. Further, the effect of number of layers and poly-l-lysine coating, commonly employed in neuron cultivation experiments, on sensing properties of the neurotransmitter dopamine in a pH 7.4 phosphate buffer media was investigated. The boron doping level of ∼2 × 1021 atoms cm-3 and increased content of non-diamond (sp2) carbon in electrodes with more layers was evaluated by Raman spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetric experiments revealed reduced working potential windows (from 2.4 V to 2.2 V), higher double-layer capacitance values (from 405 μF cm-2 to 1060 μF cm-2), enhanced rates of electron transfer kinetics and larger effective surface areas (from 5.04 mm2 to 7.72 mm2), when the number of porous layers increases. For dopamine, a significant boost in analytical performance was recognized with increasing number of layers using square-wave voltammetry: the highest sensitivity of 574.1 μA μmol-1 L was achieved on a BDDporous electrode with five layers and dropped to 35.9 μA μmol-1 L when the number of layers decreased to two. Consequently, the lowest detection limit of 0.20 μmol L-1 was obtained on a BDDporous electrode with five layers. Moreover, on porous electrodes, enhanced selectivity for dopamine detection in the presence of ascorbic acid and uric acid was demonstrated. The application of poly-l-lysine coating on porous electrode surface resulted in a decrease in dopamine peak currents by 17% and 60% for modification times of 1 h and 15 h, respectively. Hence, both examined parameters, the number of deposited porous layers and the presence of poly-l-lysine coating, were proved to considerably affect the characteristics and performance of BDDporous electrodes.
- Klíčová slova
- Boron-doped diamond, Dopamine, Poly-l-lysine coating, Porous layers, Voltammetry,
- MeSH
- bor * MeSH
- dopamin * MeSH
- elektrody MeSH
- oxid křemičitý MeSH
- poréznost MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- bor * MeSH
- dopamin * MeSH
- oxid křemičitý MeSH
A completely new electroanalytical method for the determination of fenhexamid (FNX) residues in fruit samples has been developed. This method is based on anodic oxidation of fungicide in Britton-Robinson buffer (pH 4) containing 10% (v/v) methanol using square-wave voltammetry when five different carbon-based electrodes were tested. An electrochemical behaviour of FNX was studied on a glassy carbon electrode using cyclic voltammetry, while glassy carbon paste electrode was selected for analytical purposes. Linear range for FNX from 3.96 to 49.50 µmol L-1 characterized by coefficient of determination of 0.9964, sensitivity of 0.176 µA L µmol-1, and detection limit of 1.32 µmol L-1 were calculated. Results acquired from analyses of blueberries and wine grapes were compared to those obtained by a reference chromatographic method, and a satisfactory agreement has been reached. Finally, it seems that the present voltammetric approach could find its application in food quality control as screening assay.
- Klíčová slova
- Carbon-based electrodes, Fenhexamid, Food safety, Pesticides, Square-wave voltammetry,
- MeSH
- amidy analýza MeSH
- analýza potravin přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- elektrochemie přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- elektrody MeSH
- ovoce chemie MeSH
- oxidace-redukce MeSH
- průmyslové fungicidy analýza MeSH
- rezidua pesticidů analýza MeSH
- uhlík chemie MeSH
- víno analýza MeSH
- Vitis chemie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- amidy MeSH
- N-(2,3-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylcyclohexanecarboxamide MeSH Prohlížeč
- průmyslové fungicidy MeSH
- rezidua pesticidů MeSH
- uhlík MeSH
Chemically inert and biocompatible boron-doped diamond (BDD) has been successfully used in neuroscience for sensitive neurochemicals sensing and/or as a growth substrate for neurons. In this study, several types of BDD differing in (i) fabrication route, i.e. conventional microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (MW-PECVD) reactor vs. MW-PECVD with linear antenna delivery system, (ii) morphology, i.e. planar vs. porous BDD, and (iii) surface treatment, i.e. H-terminated (H-BDDs) vs. O-terminated (O-BDDs), were characterized from a morphological, structural, and electrochemical point of view. Further, planar and porous BDD-based electrodes were tested for sensing of dopamine in common biomimicking environments of pH 7.4, namely phosphate buffer (PB) and HEPES buffered saline (HBS). In HBS, potential windows are narrowed due to electrooxidation of its buffering component (i.e. HEPES), however, dopamine sensing in HBS is possible. H-BDDs (both planar and porous) outperformed O-BDDs as they provided clearer dopamine signals with higher peak currents. As expected, due to its enlarged surface area and increased sp2 content, the highest sensitivity and lowest detection limits of 8 × 10-8 mol L-1 and 6 × 10-8 mol L-1 in PB and HBS media, respectively, were achieved by square-wave voltammetry on porous H-BDD.
- Klíčová slova
- Boron-doped diamond, Dopamine, HEPES, Linear antenna delivery system, Surface termination, Voltammetry,
- MeSH
- biomimetika MeSH
- bor chemie MeSH
- diamant chemie MeSH
- dopamin analýza MeSH
- elektrochemické techniky metody MeSH
- elektrody * MeSH
- kultivační média chemie MeSH
- limita detekce MeSH
- mikroskopie elektronová rastrovací MeSH
- Ramanova spektroskopie metody MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- Názvy látek
- bor MeSH
- diamant MeSH
- dopamin MeSH
- kultivační média MeSH
