OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to describe and analyze HAI incidence, etiology and risk factors in pediatric intensive care unit (ICU). BACKGROUND: Intensive care patients are at high risk of hospital-acquired infections (HAI) due to their underlying diseases and exposure to invasive devices. METHODS: The study group consisted of patients admitted to children's hospital ICU for more than 2 days during a six-month period (267 patients, 1570 patient-days). We used the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control standard protocol HAI-Net ICU v2.2 for data collection. RESULTS: HAI occurred in 17 (6.4%) included patients (10.8 infections per 1000 patient-days). The most frequent were catheter-related bloodstream infections (33%, 7.6 per 1000 catheter-days) and intubation-associated pneumonia (25%, 10.9 per 1000 intubation-days). Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp.) were identified as the most common etiological agents. Significantly higher risk of HAI had patients with central venous catheter (OR: 14.5, 95% CI 3.2-65.1), intubated (OR: 14.4, 95% CI 4.4-46.2), with Pediatric Index of Mortality score higher than 10 (OR: 17, 95% CI 2.7-111.5) and with previous bacterial or/ and fungal colonization (OR: 30.6, 95% CI 9.2-101.3). CONCLUSIONS: Active surveillance identified unreported HAI cases and proved to be an effective tool of infection control.

• Klíčová slova
• Active surveillance, hospital-acquired infections, pediatric intensive care unit,
• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• infekce spojené se zdravotní péčí * epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• jednotky intenzivní péče pediatrické * MeSH
• katétrové infekce epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Leptospiroses are worldwide spread zoonoses caused by hydrophilic bacteria of the genus Leptospira. Humans can be infected by contact with an infected animal or indirectly via staying in a contaminated environment (water, wet soil), in natural foci, while working outdoors, or while doing outdoor sport and leisure activities. Leptospirosis may manifest as a mild flu-like illness or in a severe febrile form (meningitis, pulmonary haemorrhage, hepato-renal syndrome, or myocarditis). Presented are the laboratory diagnostic methods for leptospiroses with their advantages and disadvantages. In practice, serological diagnosis by the microscopic agglutination test, which is also a confirmatory test, and, less often, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay are used. Methods of molecular biology are being introduced for direct rapid diagnosis of leptospiroses, in particular the polymerase chain reaction and its modifications, which allow the detection of Leptospira infection in acute phase.

• Klíčová slova
• Leptospirosis - diagnosis - microscopic agglutination test - enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay - polymerase chain reaction.,
• MeSH
• aglutinační testy MeSH
• ELISA MeSH
• klinické laboratorní techniky metody   MeSH
• Leptospira * MeSH
• leptospiróza * diagnóza   patologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The diagnosis of legionellosis, especially of its severe, life-threatening form, Legionnaires' disease, is complicated, primarily because of non-typical symptoms of the infection, not always dominating atypical pneumonia, and often a very dramatic septic course of the disease with multiorgan failures. The diagnosis of the acute phase of the disease can be established by the detection of Legionella antigen in urine and by PCR/real-time PCR detection of Legionella DNA in serum and lower respiratory tract and urine samples. Cultivation on specific media remains the gold standard, but this very demanding method is rarely used. Serological testing requires paired samples and thus is relevant to the diagnosis at a later stage of infection, although it is to be noted that about 20% of patients do not produce the antibodies. Great progress has been made in typing methods (RFLP, PFGE, or PCR based and sequence based methods) and rapid identification methods (MALDI-TOF).

• Klíčová slova
• legionellae - Legionnaires disease - laboratory diagnosis.,
• MeSH
• antigeny bakteriální moč   MeSH
• DNA bakterií analýza   krev   moč   MeSH
• dýchací soustava mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Legionella * MeSH
• legionelóza * diagnóza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• protilátky bakteriální krev   MeSH
• sérologické testy MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antigeny bakteriální MeSH
• DNA bakterií MeSH
• protilátky bakteriální MeSH