INTRODUCTION: The parallel process is a psychosocial phenomenon where the relationship dynamics between the therapist and the client are repeated in the supervisory relationship between the therapist and the supervisor. The concept of the parallel process can be a useful tool for understanding and solving problems in therapy. However, it can induce supervision drift or block the supervision process. OBJECTIVE: This article aims to familiarize the reader with parallel processes in cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) and schema therapy supervision and discuss how to manage this phenomenon in supervision. METHOD: This article is a narrative review with illustrations of supervision interviews in which the parallel process unfolds. The text provides an overview of theoretical constructions and empirical studies related to the parallel process. We searched PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for relevant resources using the keywords "parallel process," "cognitive behavioural therapy," "schema therapy," "transference," and "countertransference." Case vignettes were collected from trainees, training leaders and supervisors to provide real-life examples of how self-reflection and self-experience can enhance CBT and schema therapy training, practice, and supervision.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

BACKGROUND: Prejudices against individuals with schizophrenia can interfere with diagnostic and treatment processes, particularly with the patient's further adaptation and reintegration. Self-stigma could have significant detrimental consequences for patients suffering from psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia. METHOD: This paper reviews findings about self-stigma connected to schizophrenia. The PubMed database used the keywords to find the papers published from January 1997 to March 2023, and 189 articles were included in the review process. RESULTS: The schizophrenia-related stigma decreases patients' self-confidence, worsens their social functioning, and impedes daily functioning. Feelings of embarrassment are prominent in many patients with schizophrenia. Self-stigma predicts many unfavourable outcomes - more severe social anxiety and depressive symptoms, lower self-confidence, hopelessness, worse social functioning, lower quality of life, worse treatment cooperation, and lower adherence to medication adherence. Addressing self-stigma in psychoeducation or psychotherapy may increase the patient's stigma resistance and well-being. Self-help groups present an underutilised but potentially effective strategy. CONCLUSION: Stigma presents a common issue in patients with schizophrenia. Targeting the issue in clinical management or psychotherapy may be beneficial. Still, more high-quality intervention studies are needed.

• MeSH
• kvalita života MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• psychoterapie MeSH
• psychotické poruchy * MeSH
• schizofrenie * terapie   MeSH
• sebepojetí MeSH
• společenské stigma MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

BACKGROUND: Individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) suffer from an excessive fear of abandonment, leading to tense moments in their intimate relationships. These struggles translate into lower marital satisfaction perceived by both intimate partners. However, this connection is bidirectional, since conflicts with a romantic partner are the most common precipitating factors of decompensation in BPD patients. METHOD: This narrative review was performed using PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases with keywords "borderline personality disorder", "partnership", marital problems", and "marital conflicts". Articles, books, and book chapters published within January 1980 - December 2020 were extracted and analysed. Additional sources were found while reviewing references of relevant articles. The total of 131 papers met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Patients with BPD struggle with reaching marital satisfaction. They often find themselves in disharmonic and unfulfilling relationships. The association between the relationship issues and BPD may partly come from misunderstanding one or both partners' behaviour. Individuals with BPD tend to misinterpret their partner's behaviour, struggle with communication, and sometimes be verbally and physically aggressive. They often do not recognize that their intrapersonal processes influence their interpersonal struggles. Understanding the role of the maladaptive personality traits in the relationship and their management could be beneficial for both partners. CONCLUSION: Individuals with BPD often report dysfunctional romantic relationships characterized by insecure attachment, maladaptive communication, and lower relationship satisfaction. Future studies should focus on finding effective strategies of couples´ therapy working with this population.

• MeSH
• hraniční porucha osobnosti * MeSH
• interpersonální vztahy MeSH
• konflikt v rodině MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• manželství MeSH
• sexuální chování MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Cognitive-behavioural therapists and trainees are encouraged to undergo supervision when offering therapy to troubled clients and to process personal attitudes and events likely to affect their therapeutic work. We discuss common problems in cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) supervision, which may arise at the client, supervisee, or supervisor level. These issues include difficulties with case formulation, therapeutic strategies, and the therapeutic relationship. A supervisor can help their supervisee deal with clients with multifaceted or particularly challenging problems, such as difficulties with compliance, complex psychosocial problems, or chronic mental disorders. We also discuss matters related to the supervision process, the supervisor's role, different supervisory styles, and issues affecting a supervisee's feelings of vulnerability and shame. Furthermore, we analyze distinct supervision styles and potential problems arising from the supervision of experienced CBT therapists.

• MeSH
• emoce MeSH
• kognice MeSH
• kognitivně behaviorální terapie * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kazuistiky MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) presents a highly stigmatised condition. Individuals with BPD may experience stigmatising attitudes and remarks from the general population and mental health professionals. Significant self-stigma also seems common. The paper reviews the current knowledge regarding the stigma connected to BPD. METHOD: The Web of Science, Medline, and Scopus databases identified studies published from January 1990 to January 2023. Additional references were found using analyses of the primary articles. The search terms included "borderline", "stigma", and "self-stigma". RESULTS: Public knowledge of BPD is scarce. The general population may interpret the BPD symptoms as "purposeful misbehaviour" rather than signs of a mental disorder. Mental health professionals commonly distance themselves from patients with BPD and may prematurely give up their treatment efforts. This stance often comes from believing BPD is difficult or impossible to treat. Therefore, treating patients with a personality disorder should be consulted with a supervisor, especially when the psychotherapist shows a negative attitude towards the patient. Generally, few BPD-specific destigmatisation interventions have been verified by research. Limited evidence suggests that targeted training of the healthcare providers can reduce stigmatising attitudes and that interventions combining positive messages of the recovery potential with biological aetiology of the disorder are most impactful in reducing the stigma. CONCLUSION: BPD is commonly stigmatised by the general population and mental health professionals. Destigmatising efforts need to tackle the stigma's primary sources, namely the general population's lack of understanding and the pessimistic beliefs in the healthcare providers. More BPD-specific research on stigma is needed.

• MeSH
• hraniční porucha osobnosti * terapie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• poruchy osobnosti MeSH
• psychotické poruchy * MeSH
• společenské stigma MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic mental disorder that is often hard to treat with current treatment options. Therapeutic outcomes are predicted by many factors, ranging from biological to psychosocial. Early life experiences and adult attachment influence the effectiveness of the treatment. This study explores their predictive abilities in the combined treatment of adult inpatients with OCD. METHODS: Seventy-seven patients with OCD, diagnosed according to the ICD-10 criteria, were included in the study, out of which 66 patients completed the treatment. All patients were previously unsuccessfully treated with a minimum of two antidepressants for three months each. They were evaluated with rating scales and questionnaires at the start and the end of a six-week hospitalization in a psychotherapeutic department. The treatment approach presented a combination of group cognitive-behavioural therapy and medication. RESULTS: The average severity of OCD, anxiety and depressive symptoms significantly decreased during the inpatient treatment. The improvement in Y-BOCS negatively correlated with the age of onset. The history of emotional abuse and neglect and physical neglect predicted a lower change in anxiety evaluated by a psychologist and perceived maternal care positively correlated with a decrease in anxiety assessed with a rating scale. Adult attachment anxiety predicted a lower decrease in the anxiety measured by the clinician but not the OCD symptomatology. Dissociative symptoms did not significantly predict a change in any of the measures. Comorbid personality disorder did not have a significant impact on therapeutic change. CONCLUSIONS: The early onset of the disorder was the sole predictor of the treatment outcomes regarding specific OCD symptomatology. Selected early adverse experiences, maternal care, and adult attachment anxiety predicted a change in the anxiety symptoms. Future research should focus on mediation and moderation analyses that could help target specific treatment strategies to decrease the impact of these factors.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kognitivně behaviorální terapie * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• obsedantně kompulzivní porucha * psychologie   MeSH
• pacienti hospitalizovaní MeSH
• psychiatrické posuzovací škály MeSH
• úzkost psychologie   MeSH
• úzkostné poruchy MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been connected to various psychosocial factors that might influence its onset and course. Developmental factors, such as parenting styles or early adverse experiences, and adult attachment have been listed as examples. However, the research on the interconnections of these factors brought mixed results. The study explores the relationship between demographic, clinical, and selected psychosocial factors and the severity of adult OCD. METHOD: Eighty-seven pharmacoresistant inpatients with OCD were admitted between October 2019 and August 2022 for a 6-week cognitive behavioural therapy inpatient program in the psychotherapeutic department. The participants completed the following scales at the start of the hospitalisation: the self-report Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS-SR), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF), PBI (Parental Bonding Instrument), ECR-R (Experiences in Close Relationships - Revised), and a demographic questionnaire. A skilled psychologist administered Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) to confirm the OCD diagnosis and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA). RESULTS: OCD patients with more severe adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) showed earlier onset of the disorder and more pronounced attachment anxiety, depressive symptoms, and dissociation and subjectively rated the severity of the disorder as more severe. Physical abuse and physical neglect were related to the severity of specific OCD symptoms. Maternal care negatively correlates with clinician-rated anxiety, patient-rated depressive symptoms, and dissociation. The maternal and paternal control positively correlated with patient-rated anxiety and depression. Attachment anxiety negatively correlated with the age of onset and positively with the severity of the clinician-rated anxiety and the patient-rated anxiety, depressive symptoms, and dissociation. CONCLUSIONS: Early adverse experiences, perceived parental styles, and adult attachment anxiety could play a significant role in the symptoms of anxiety, depression, and dissociation. The connection with the specific obsessive-compulsive symptoms is less apparent. Still, adverse childhood events and adult attachment anxiety seem to influence the age of OCD onset.

• MeSH
• demografie MeSH
• disociační poruchy MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• obsedantně kompulzivní porucha * psychologie   MeSH
• psychiatrické posuzovací škály MeSH
• úzkost MeSH
• úzkostné poruchy MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The homework aims to generalize the patient's knowledge and encourage practicing skills learned during therapy sessions. Encouraging and facilitating homework is an important part of supervisees in their supervision, and problems with using homework in therapy are a common supervision agenda. Supervisees are encouraged to conceptualize the patient's lack of homework and promote awareness of their own beliefs and responses to non-cooperation. The supervision focuses on homework twice - first as a part of the supervised therapy and second as a part of the supervision itself. Homework assigned in supervision usually deals with mapping problems, monitoring certain behaviors (mostly communication with the patient), or implementing new behaviors in therapy.

• Klíčová slova
• cognitive behavioral therapy, homework, self-reflection, supervision,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Dysfunctional patterns, beliefs, and assumptions that affect a patient's perception of other people often affect their perceptions and behaviours towards the therapist. This tendency has been traditionally called transference for its psychoanalytical roots and presents an important factor to monitor and process. In supervision, it is important to put the patient's transference in the context of the conceptualization of the case. Countertransference occurs when the therapist responds complementary to the patient's transference based on their own dysfunctional beliefs or assumptions. Transference and countertransference provide useful insights into the inner world of the patient, therapist, and supervisor. Guided discovery is one of the most common approaches used by a supervisor and a supervisee to map all types and directions of transference and countertransference. Other options to map transference and countertransference are imagery and role-playing techniques.

• Klíčová slova
• cognitive behavioral therapy, countertransference, supervision, supervisory relationship, therapeutic relationship, transference,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: Panic disorder and agoraphobia not only affect the patients themselves but also may have a detrimental effect on their intimate relationships. A problem arising in the intimate sphere could be a trigger, a modulator, a maintenance factor, or the result of the panic disorder and agoraphobia. The consequences of panic disorder include increased demands on the non-affected partner to adapt, which may prove to be too challenging for some to manage. Panic disorder and agoraphobia can also change earlier relationship patterns which may result in partnership dysfunction. This review explores the effect of panic disorder and agoraphobia upon partnership problems and satisfaction. METHOD: Relevant studies were identified via PubMed and Web of Science, published between January 1970 and April 2020. The search terms included "panic disorder", "agoraphobia", "marital problems", "marital conflicts" and "marital adjustment". Further references were found in reviews, books, and book chapters of the relevant papers. A total of 1154 articles were nominated by primary assortment using the keywords in different combinations. After selecting according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, evaluating the complete texts and searching for secondary documents, 173 papers were finally chosen. RESULTS: Problems in a relationship can act as a trigger for the development of the panic disorder and agoraphobia and could also function as modulating and maintenance factors. Panic disorder and agoraphobia often have a negative influence on the relationship and the non-affected partner. Partnership problems can be both a precursor and a consequence of panic disorder and agoraphobia.

• MeSH
• agorafobie MeSH
• konflikt v rodině MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• manželství MeSH
• osobní uspokojení MeSH
• panická porucha * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH