Untangling the relationships between morphology and phylogeny is key to building a reliable taxonomy, but is especially challenging for protists, where the existence of cryptic or pseudocryptic species makes finding relevant discriminant traits difficult. Here we use Hyalosphenia papilio (a testate amoeba) as a model species to investigate the contribution of phylogeny and phenotypic plasticity in its morphology. We study the response of H. papilio morphology (shape and pores number) to environmental variables in (i) a manipulative experiment with controlled conditions (water level), (ii) an observational study of a within-site natural ecological gradient (water level), and (iii) an observational study across 37 European peatlands (climate). We showed that H. papilio morphology is correlated to environmental conditions (climate and water depth) as well as geography, while no relationship between morphology and phylogeny was brought to light. The relative contribution of genetic inheritance and phenotypic plasticity in shaping morphology varies depending on the taxonomic group and the trait under consideration. Thus, our data call for a reassessment of taxonomy based on morphology alone. This clearly calls for a substantial increase in taxonomic research on these globally still under-studied organisms leading to a reassessment of estimates of global microbial eukaryotic diversity.
- Klíčová slova
- Body size, protozoa, soil moisture, testate amoebae, water table depth,
- MeSH
- biologická variabilita populace * MeSH
- genetický determinismus * MeSH
- Lobosea klasifikace cytologie genetika MeSH
- mikrobiologie životního prostředí MeSH
- podnebí MeSH
- vystavení vlivu životního prostředí MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Psychiatric genetics is a popular and much-discussed topic. Many candidate genes have been investigated in relation to psychiatric disorders and many connections have been found. The utilization of these investigations is currently at a theoretical level. Nevertheless, these findings of candidate genes will be important for further research and subsequent clinical use, for example in pharmacogenetics). Due to the rapidly growing number of empirical studies that provide profound analysis of different genes and their variants in different psychiatrical symptomatology, the field is highly divided, and providing a succinct overview is challenging. This article attempts to provide an up-to-date review of the most important and most discussed genes (mainly transporter and receptor genes) contributing to the etiology of psychiatric disorders.
- MeSH
- behaviorální genetika trendy MeSH
- duševní poruchy genetika MeSH
- genetická predispozice k nemoci * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mozek - chemie genetika MeSH
- psychiatrie trendy MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Temperaments are often regarded as biologically based psychological tendencies with intrinsic paths of development. It is argued that this definition applies to the personality traits of the five-factor model. Evidence for the endogenous nature of traits is summarized from studies of behavior genetics, parent-child relations, personality structure, animal personality, and the longitudinal stability of individual differences. New evidence for intrinsic maturation is offered from analyses of NEO Five-Factor Inventory scores for men and women age 14 and over in German, British, Spanish, Czech, and Turkish samples (N = 5,085). These data support strong conceptual links to child temperament despite modest empirical associations. The intrinsic maturation of personality is complemented by the culturally conditioned development of characteristic adaptations that express personality; interventions in human development are best addressed to these.
- MeSH
- behaviorální genetika MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kulturní charakteristiky * MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- osobnost * MeSH
- psychologické modely MeSH
- psychologické testy MeSH
- rozvoj osobnosti * MeSH
- srovnání kultur MeSH
- temperament * MeSH
- věkové faktory MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- multicentrická studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Německo MeSH
- Španělsko MeSH
- Spojené království MeSH
- Turecko MeSH
Sociobiology represents a systematic study of the biological basis of social behavior. Suggesting its relations to genetics, psychiatry, the theory of games, and ethology, the author summarizes the main sociobiological postulates. The review is intended for postgraduate education.
- MeSH
- behaviorální genetika * MeSH
- etologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- sociální chování * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- anglický abstrakt MeSH
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- behaviorální genetika MeSH
- dvojčata MeSH
- inteligence * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- anglický abstrakt MeSH
- časopisecké články MeSH
The effect of genetic and environmental factors on interindividual differences in GSR, heart rate and EP components of orienting reaction to neutral acoustical stimulus and to the same stimulus at a very high intensity was analysed in 22 pairs of monozygotic and 21 pairs of dizygotic twins. Genetic factors appeared to be important for the variability of all GSR characteristics, N100 and P180 EP amplitudes, magnitude of the HR response to the strong stimulus and HR habituation to the weak stimulus. Environmental factors influenced greatly the variances of late EP components but only in response to the weak stimulus. Different role of genetic and environmental factors in motivation and cognitive components of orienting reaction points to the involvement of several relatively independent functional systems in it.
- MeSH
- autonomní nervový systém fyziologie MeSH
- behaviorální genetika MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- dvojčata dizygotní MeSH
- dvojčata monozygotní MeSH
- galvanická kožní odpověď MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- orientace fyziologie MeSH
- sluchové evokované potenciály * MeSH
- srdeční frekvence MeSH
- životní prostředí * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- agrese fyziologie MeSH
- behaviorální genetika MeSH
- centrální nervový systém metabolismus MeSH
- emoce fyziologie MeSH
- fyziologický stres patofyziologie MeSH
- hormony metabolismus MeSH
- hypertenze farmakoterapie MeSH
- kardiovaskulární fyziologické jevy MeSH
- koronární nemoc etiologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- krevní tlak MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nepřátelství MeSH
- osobnost typu A MeSH
- předpověď MeSH
- receptory buněčného povrchu metabolismus MeSH
- sexuální faktory MeSH
- tělesná námaha MeSH
- zdraví * MeSH
- životní prostředí MeSH
- životní styl MeSH
- zlost fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Názvy látek
- hormony MeSH
- receptory buněčného povrchu MeSH
Laboratory rats of the Wistar strain were selectively bred for a high or a low level of short-term activity (+A, -A) and defecation (+D, -D) in a novel environment. In lactating females of groups +A-D, +A+D, -A+D and -A-D maternal behavior was tested in situations, differing in complexity and demands of the ability of the females to adapt themselves to a new environment. Most intergroup differences were dependent on the characteristics of their activity, while defecation manifested itself less markedly in maternal behavior. In all tests +A groups showed a higher number of active contacts with the young, and the duration of maternal activities was higher in them when compared with -A females. The results indicated difference in the structure of maternal behavior and in the strategy with which they coped with a new situation. Females -A arranged the scattered pups into a nest more rapidly but they manipulated less with them and retrieved them minimally. In -A more often than in the +A the cycle of maternal behavior was interrupted by the elements of other than maternal programs. On the other hand, females +A gave more attention to each pup, they carried it from place to place for a long time, they tended to rearrange the newly formed nest, maternal program being interrupted less often. The most marked difference appeared between groups +A-D and -A+D.
- MeSH
- behaviorální genetika MeSH
- chování zvířat při vyměšování fyziologie MeSH
- chování zvířat fyziologie MeSH
- defekace MeSH
- inbrední kmeny potkanů MeSH
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- laktace MeSH
- mateřské chování * MeSH
- pohybová aktivita fyziologie MeSH
- reakční čas fyziologie MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- behaviorální genetika MeSH
- chování * MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- dvojčata monozygotní * MeSH
- dvojčata * MeSH
- extraverze (psychologie) MeSH
- koronární nemoc psychologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- modely genetické MeSH
- neurotické poruchy komplikace MeSH
- osobnost MeSH
- osobnostní dotazník MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- MeSH
- behaviorální genetika MeSH
- chování zvířat * MeSH
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- pití alkoholu * MeSH
- rozhodování * MeSH
- sociální izolace MeSH
- výběrové chování * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
