Visual (and probably also magnetic) signal processing starts at the first synapse, at which photoreceptors contact different types of bipolar cells, thereby feeding information into different processing channels. In the chicken retina, 15 and 22 different bipolar cell types have been identified based on serial electron microscopy and single-cell transcriptomics, respectively. However, immunohistochemical markers for avian bipolar cells were only anecdotally described so far. Here, we systematically tested 12 antibodies for their ability to label individual bipolar cells in the bird retina and compared the eight most suitable antibodies across distantly related species, namely domestic chicken, domestic pigeon, common buzzard, and European robin, and across retinal regions. While two markers (GNB3 and EGFR) labeled specifically ON bipolar cells, most markers labeled in addition to bipolar cells also other cell types in the avian retina. Staining pattern of four markers (CD15, PKCα, PKCβ, secretagogin) was species-specific. Two markers (calbindin and secretagogin) showed a different expression pattern in central and peripheral retina. For the chicken and European robin, we found slightly more ON bipolar cell somata in the inner nuclear layer than OFF bipolar cell somata. In contrast, OFF bipolar cells made more ribbon synapses than ON bipolar cells in the inner plexiform layer of these species. Finally, we also analyzed the photoreceptor connectivity of selected bipolar cell types in the European robin retina. In summary, we provide a catalog of bipolar cell markers for different bird species, which will greatly facilitate analyzing the retinal circuitry of birds on a larger scale.

• Klíčová slova
• AAV virus, European robin (Erithacus rubecula), bipolar cell, buzzard (Buteo buteo), chicken (Gallus gallus), double cone, magnetoreception, pigeon (Columba livia), retina,
• MeSH
• bipolární buňky sítnice MeSH
• čípky retiny MeSH
• elektronová mikroskopie MeSH
• kur domácí MeSH
• retina chemie   MeSH
• secretagoginy * metabolismus   MeSH
• synapse metabolismus   MeSH
• zpěvní ptáci * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• secretagoginy * MeSH

BACKGROUND: Predicting the long-term outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important component of treatment strategy. Despite dramatically improved emergency management of TBI and apparent clinical recovery, most patients with TBI still may have long-term central nervous system (CNS) impairment. METHODS: Sixty-three patients with TBI were enrolled into the prospective study. Venous blood samples were taken at admission and every 24 h for a maximum of 6 consecutive days. Serum concentrations of the biomarkers S100B, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), GFAP, NF-H, secretagogin and Hsp70 were quantified immuno-luminometrically or by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The outcome was evaluated 6 months after TBI using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) in all patients. RESULTS: The S100B levels in patients with worse outcome (GOS 4 or death) were already significantly higher at D0 (p < 0.001; p = 0.002). NSE levels were significantly higher in patients who died or had worse outcomes (p < 0.001; p = 0.003). Patients who had worse outcomes (GOS) or died had higher GFAP values (p < 0.001; p < 0.001), but their dynamics were similar over the same period. NF-H grew significantly faster in patients who had a worse GOS or died (p < 0.001; p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Although further prospective study is warranted, these findings suggest that levels of biomarkers correlate with mortality and may be useful as predictors of outcome in children with TBI.

• MeSH
• biologické markery krev   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• gliový fibrilární kyselý protein krev   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• neurofilamentové proteiny krev   MeSH
• neurotrofní faktory krev   MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• poranění mozku krev   mortalita   terapie   MeSH
• prediktivní hodnota testů MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• proteiny S100 krev   MeSH
• proteiny tepelného šoku HSP70 krev   MeSH
• proteiny vázající vápník krev   MeSH
• S-100 kalcium vázající protein G, podjednotka beta MeSH
• secretagoginy MeSH
• transportní proteiny krev   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biologické markery MeSH
• gliový fibrilární kyselý protein MeSH
• neurofilament protein H MeSH Prohlížeč
• neurofilamentové proteiny MeSH
• neurotrofní faktory MeSH
• NSMCE1 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• proteiny S100 MeSH
• proteiny tepelného šoku HSP70 MeSH
• proteiny vázající vápník MeSH
• S-100 kalcium vázající protein G, podjednotka beta MeSH
• S100B protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• SCGN protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• secretagoginy MeSH
• transportní proteiny MeSH