BACKGROUND: Being exposed to crises during pregnancy can affect maternal health through stress exposure, which can in return impact neonatal health. We investigated temporal trends in neonatal outcomes in Switzerland between 2007 and 2022 and their variations depending on exposure to the economic crisis of 2008, the flu pandemic of 2009, heatwaves (2015 and 2018) and the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Using individual cross-sectional data encompassing all births occurring in Switzerland at the monthly level (2007-2022), we analysed changes in birth weight and in the rates of preterm birth (PTB) and stillbirth through time with generalized additive models. We assessed whether the intensity or length of crisis exposure was associated with variations in these outcomes. Furthermore, we explored effects of exposure depending on trimesters of pregnancy. RESULTS: Over 1.2 million singleton births were included in our analyses. While birth weight and the rate of stillbirth have remained stable since 2007, the rate of PTB has declined by one percentage point. Exposure to the crises led to different results, but effect sizes were overall small. Exposure to COVID-19, irrespective of the pregnancy trimester, was associated with a higher birth weight (+12 grams [95% confidence interval (CI) 5.5 to 17.9 grams]). Being exposed to COVID-19 during the last trimester was associated with an increased risk of stillbirth (odds ratio 1.24 [95%CI 1.02 to 1.50]). Exposure to the 2008 economic crisis during pregnancy was not associated with any changes in neonatal health outcomes, while heatwave effect was difficult to interpret. CONCLUSION: Overall, maternal and neonatal health demonstrated resilience to the economic crisis and to the COVID-19 pandemic in a high-income country like Switzerland. However, the effect of exposure to the COVID-19 pandemic is dual, and the negative impact of maternal infection on pregnancy is well-documented. Stress exposure and economic constraint may also have had adverse effects among the most vulnerable subgroups of Switzerland. To investigate better the impact of heatwave exposure on neonatal health, weekly or daily-level data is needed, instead of monthly-level data.

• Klíčová slova
• Birth weight, COVID-19, Crises, Neonatal health, Pandemics,
• MeSH
• COVID-19 * epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• narození mrtvého plodu epidemiologie   MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• pandemie MeSH
• porodní hmotnost MeSH
• předčasný porod * epidemiologie   MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• výsledek těhotenství epidemiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Švýcarsko epidemiologie   MeSH

BackgroundThe earliest recognised infections by the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (Pango lineage B.1.1.529) in Belgium and Switzerland suggested a connection to an international water polo tournament, held 12-14 November 2021 in Brno, Czechia.AimTo study the arrival and subsequent spread of the Omicron variant in Belgium and Switzerland, and understand the overall importance of this international sporting event on the number of infections in the two countries.MethodsWe performed intensive forward and backward contact tracing in both countries, supplemented by phylogenetic investigations using virus sequences of the suspected infection chain archived in public databases.ResultsThrough contact tracing, we identified two and one infected athletes of the Belgian and Swiss water polo teams, respectively, and subsequently also three athletes from Germany. In Belgium and Switzerland, four and three secondary infections, and three and one confirmed tertiary infections were identified. Phylogenetic investigation demonstrated that this sporting event played a role as the source of infection, but without a direct link with infections from South Africa and not as a superspreading event; the virus was found to already be circulating at that time in the countries involved.ConclusionThe SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant started to circulate in Europe several weeks before its identification in South Africa on 24 November 2021. Accordingly, it can be assumed that travel restrictions are usually implemented too late to prevent the spread of newly detected SARS-CoV-2 variants to other regions. Phylogenetic analysis may modify the perception of an apparently clear result of intensive contact tracing.

• Klíčová slova
• B.1.1.529, COVID-19, Omicron, SARS-CoV-2, contact tracing, epidemiology, phylogenetics, viral spread,
• MeSH
• COVID-19 * epidemiologie   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 genetika   MeSH
• vodní sporty * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Belgie epidemiologie   MeSH
• Česká republika MeSH
• Německo MeSH
• Švýcarsko epidemiologie   MeSH

BACKGROUND: Owing to the coronavirus disease pandemic, the Swiss goverment imposed a shutdown twice in 2020, which may have changed diet and physical activity. Regarding the question of weight change during the pandemic, little information based on measured weight data is available. We aimed to investigate whether the body mass indices (BMIs) of young Swiss men after the two shutdowns in spring and fall 2020 differed from those of young men examined before the shutdowns. METHODS: We analysed young Swiss men's BMIs taken during mandatory recruitment for the Swiss Armed Forces at the cross-sectional (not individual longitudinal) monitoring level and across weeks of conscription between January 2010 and July 2021 (n = 373 016). These data allow for continuous health monitoring of young men at almost the population level (coverage, >90%). For statistical modelling, we used the generalized additive model (GAM) framework. RESULTS: We showed that the BMIs of the conscripts examined in the 15 weeks after the two shutdowns in spring and autumn 2020 were not or only slightly different from their baseline values. Sensitivity analyses revealed that this conclusion also holds if the BMI distribution or prevalence of excess weight is assessed. The GAM further showed the significant effects of individual and area-based measures of socioeconomic position and age on BMI. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that lifestyle changes during the pandemic in young men might have been too modest to be reflected in body weight. However, longitudinal data and/or data on women, children, or the elderly may lead to different conclusions.

• MeSH
• COVID-19 * epidemiologie   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• index tělesné hmotnosti MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• obezita epidemiologie   MeSH
• pandemie * MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Švýcarsko epidemiologie   MeSH

Comparisons among countries can help to identify opportunities for the reduction of inequalities in cardiometabolic health. The present cross-sectional analysis and meta-analysis aim to address to what extent obesity traits, socioeconomic, and behavioral factors determine poor metabolic health across body mass index (BMI) categories in two urban population-based samples from Central Europe. Data from the CoLaus (~6,000 participants; Lausanne, Switzerland) and the Kardiovize Brno 2030 (~2,000 participants; Brno, Czech Republic) cohorts. For each cohort, logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the main determinants of poor metabolic health overall and stratified by body mass index (BMI) categories. The results of each cohort were then combined in a meta-analysis. We first observed that waist circumference and body fat mass were associated with metabolic health, especially in non-obese individuals. Moreover, increasing age, being male, having low-medium educational level, abdominal obesity, and high body fat mass were the main determinants of the metabolically unhealthy profile in both cohorts. Meta-analysis stratified by BMI categories confirmed the previous results with slight differences across BMI categories. In fact, increasing age and being male were the main determinants of poor metabolic health independent of obesity status. In contrast, low educational level and current smoking were associated with poor metabolic health only in non-obese individuals. In line, public health strategies against obesity and related comorbidities should aim to improve social conditions and to promote healthy lifestyles before the progression of metabolic disorders.

• Klíčová slova
• behaviors, metabolism, obesity, public health, social factors,
• MeSH
• index tělesné hmotnosti * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• metaanalýza MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Evropa MeSH
• Švýcarsko epidemiologie   MeSH

Coronary artery disease (CAD) has significant social and economic implications. It is necessary to create tools to identify the most cost-effectiveness treatments, which can assist clinicians in their therapeutic decisions so that the maximum possible benefit is reached with the lowest possible cost. Effectiveness must be measured by final treatment goals in which the most effective interventions are those with the lowest costs. This study is aimed to systematically review and compare the studies conducted on the cost-effectiveness of the three coronary artery disease treatment strategies (medical treatment, percutaneous coronary intervention, and coronary artery bypass graft). In this systematic review, the databases NHS Economic Evaluation Database, Embase, MEDLINE, Science Direct, and Scopus were searched for studies on the cost-effectiveness of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) compared to medical therapy (MT) in patients with coronary artery disease between 1 January 2004 to 30 September 2018. The quality appraisal of the included studies was examined using the Consolidated Health Economics Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) statement. Out of 186 unique retrievals, 8 studies were included. The results showed that the all studies clearly stated the time horizon of the study and included direct medical costs in their analysis. In addition, in most of the studies, quality-adjusted life years (QALY) were the main outcome used for measuring the effectiveness. The studies reported various ranges of the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER); accordingly, the highest ratio was observed in the USA ($212,800) for PCI v MT and the lowest ratio was observed in Brazil ($4403) for CABG v MT. Although the results of the studies were different in terms of a number of aspects, such as the viewpoint of the study, the study horizons, and the costs of expenditure items, they reached similar results. Based on the result of the present study, it seems that each three treatment strategies for CAD yielded improvements in QALY.

• Klíčová slova
• Coronary artery bypass graft, Coronary artery disease, Cost-effectiveness, Economic evaluation, Medical therapy, Percutaneous coronary intervention,
• MeSH
• analýza nákladů a výnosů metody   MeSH
• koronární angioplastika ekonomika   metody   MeSH
• koronární bypass ekonomika   metody   MeSH
• kvalitativně upravené roky života MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci koronárních tepen farmakoterapie   psychologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Anglie epidemiologie   MeSH
• Argentina epidemiologie   MeSH
• Brazílie epidemiologie   MeSH
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Mexiko epidemiologie   MeSH
• Nizozemsko epidemiologie   MeSH
• Rakousko epidemiologie   MeSH
• Spojené státy americké epidemiologie   MeSH
• Švýcarsko epidemiologie   MeSH
• Wales epidemiologie   MeSH

Syphilis is an important public health problem and an increasing incidence has been noted in recent years. Characterization of strain diversity through molecular data plays a critical role in the epidemiological understanding of this re-emergence. We here propose a new high-resolution multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum (TPA). We analyzed 30 complete and draft TPA genomes obtained directly from clinical samples or from rabbit propagated strains to identify suitable typing loci and tested the new scheme on 120 clinical samples collected in Switzerland and France. Our analyses yielded three loci with high discriminatory power: TP0136, TP0548, and TP0705. Together with analysis of the 23S rRNA gene mutations for macrolide resistance, we propose these loci as MLST for TPA. Among clinical samples, 23 allelic profiles as well as a high percentage (80% samples) of macrolide resistance were revealed. The new MLST has higher discriminatory power compared to previous typing schemes, enabling distinction of TPA from other treponemal bacteria, distinction between the two main TPA clades (Nichols and SS14), and differentiation of strains within these clades.

• MeSH
• alely MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• DNA bakterií genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• genom bakteriální MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• globus pallidus MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus MeSH
• makrolidy farmakologie   MeSH
• multilokusová sekvenční typizace metody   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 23S genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA metody   MeSH
• syfilis epidemiologie   MeSH
• Treponema pallidum genetika   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Francie epidemiologie   MeSH
• Švýcarsko epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• DNA bakterií MeSH
• makrolidy MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 23S MeSH

Heroin users in opioid agonist treatment (OAT) show markedly reduced heroin consumption, less crime and a lower mortality rate. However, the extent of long-term OAT participation over subsequent treatment episodes remains unclear. We analysed the annual proportion of patients in treatment (at least 1 day) since the start of first OAT in 4 European regions: Barcelona (BA) 1996-2012: 8,602 patients; Czech -Republic (CZ) 2000-2014: 4,377 patients; Netherlands (NL) 1994-2014: 33,235 patients, Zurich (ZU) 1992-2015: 11,795. We estimated the long-term decline of treatment need due to mortality or abstinence and also a "nuisance" short-term decline until the equilibrium level of cycling in and out of OAT is reached to obtain the adjusted treatment participation value. The adjusted treatment participation was around 50% (BA: 47.4-51.4%; CZ: 49.8-53.9%; NL: 52.3-54.0%; ZU: 46.4-49.3%), and the annual decline of treatment need was close to 4%. Non-nationals (NL patients with a migrant background) showed substantial lower adjusted treatment participation (rate ratio BA: 0.059-0.343; NL: 0.710-0.751; ZU: 0.681-0.797; CZ: n.a.). Our method may provide a policy-relevant indicator of long-term provision, quality and access to OAT following first treatment.

• Klíčová slova
• Buprenorphine, Drug policy, Heroin, Methadone, Opioids, Public health, Treatment monitoring,
• MeSH
• databáze faktografické trendy   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• emigranti a imigranti * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• opiátová substituční terapie metody   trendy   MeSH
• opioidní analgetika aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• poruchy spojené s užíváním opiátů diagnóza   epidemiologie   terapie   MeSH
• rozvrh dávkování léků MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• zapojení pacienta metody   trendy   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Nizozemsko epidemiologie   MeSH
• Španělsko epidemiologie   MeSH
• Švýcarsko epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• opioidní analgetika MeSH

Changes in the ecology of macrofungi are poorly understood, not only because much of their life cycle is hidden belowground, but also because experiments often miss real-world complexity and most fruitbody inventories are limited in space and time. The National Poisons Information Centre 'Tox Info Suisse' provides countrywide 24hours/7days medical advice in case of poisonings since 1966. Here, we introduce a total of 12,126 mushroom-related phone calls that were received by Tox Info Suisse between 1966 and 2014. This indirect source of mycological information is dominated by the families of Boletaceae (11%), Agaricaceae (10%) and Amanitaceae (8%), which account for ~30% of all cases. Mushroom fruiting patterns revealed by the Poisons Centre inventory statistically resemble changes in fungal phenology, productivity and diversity as reflected by the Swiss National Data Centre 'SwissFungi'. Although the newly developed Tox Info Suisse dataset provides an innovative basis for timely environmental research, caution is advised when interpreting some of the observed long-term changes and autumnal extremes. Uncertainty of the new record relates to possible data incompleteness, imprecise species description and/or identification, as well as the inclusion of cultivated and non-indigenous mushrooms. Nevertheless, we hope that the Tox Info Suisse inventory will stimulate and enable a variety of ecological-oriented follow-up studies.

• MeSH
• Agaricales * klasifikace   MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• informační střediska MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mykotoxikóza etiologie   MeSH
• plodnice hub * klasifikace   MeSH
• podnebí MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Švýcarsko epidemiologie   MeSH

BACKGROUND: As part of a risk-management approach, sound epidemiological data are needed to develop prevention programs. A recent review on soccer injuries of players younger than 19 years concluded that prospective data concerning children are lacking. PURPOSE: To analyze the incidence and characteristics of soccer injuries in children aged 7 to 12 years. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiological study. METHODS: The present survey was a prospective descriptive epidemiological study on soccer injuries over 2 seasons in the Czech Republic and Switzerland. Exposure of players during training and match play (in hours) and injury data were reported by coaches via an Internet-based registration system. Location, type, and severity of injuries were classified according to an established consensus. Injury characteristics are presented as absolute numbers and injury incidence rates (injuries per 1000 hours of soccer exposure). An injury was defined as any physical complaint sustained during a scheduled training session or match play resulting in at least 1 of the following: (1) inability to complete the current match or training session, (2) absence from subsequent training sessions or matches, and (3) injury requiring medical attention. RESULTS: In total, 6038 player-seasons with 395,295 hours of soccer exposure were recorded. The mean (±SD) age of the players was 9.5 ± 2.0 years, and 3.9% of the participants were girls. A total of 417 injuries were reported. Most (76.3%) injuries were located in the lower limbs, with 15.6% located in the upper limbs. Joint and ligament injuries comprised 30.5%, contusions 22.5%, muscle and tendon injuries 18.5%, and fractures and bone injuries 15.4% of all injuries; 23.7% of injuries led to more than 28 days of absence from sport participation. The overall injury incidence was 0.61 (95% CI, 0.53-0.69) injuries per 1000 hours of soccer exposure during training sessions and 4.57 (95% CI, 4.00-5.23) during match play. Injury incidence rates increased with increasing age. CONCLUSION: The observed injury incidences were lower compared with studies in youth players. Children showed a relatively high proportion of fractures and bone stress and of injuries to the upper limbs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The study provides an evidence base for injury incidence rates and injury characteristics in children's soccer. These data are the basis to develop an age-specific injury-prevention program.

• Klíčová slova
• epidemiology, football, injury patterns, prevention,
• MeSH
• distorze a distenze epidemiologie   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• fotbal zranění   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• fraktury kostí epidemiologie   MeSH
• fyzikální vyšetření MeSH
• hodnocení programu MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• poranění šlachy epidemiologie   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• sportovní úrazy epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• výzkumný projekt MeSH
• zahřívací cvičení MeSH
• zhmoždění epidemiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Švýcarsko epidemiologie   MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter strain HK302 was isolated from an outbreak of nosocomial infections in Switzerland in 1977. The aim of the present study was to assess whether this archive strain belongs to one of the known international clonal lineages of Acinetobacter baumannii and whether it harbours a genomic structure related to the AbaR1-like resistance islands. METHODS: Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and HindIII ribotyping were used to determine the taxonomic position of HK302 at the species and subspecies (clonal) levels. The position and structure of the putative resistance island were investigated by AbaR1-based PCR mapping followed by restriction analysis and partial sequencing of amplicons. A. baumannii AYE harbouring AbaR1 was used as a positive control for PCR mapping. RESULTS: The MLST allelic profile (1-1-1-1-5-1-1) and HindIII ribotype of HK302 were typical of A. baumannii European (EU) clone I. In addition, an AbaR1-related region inserted into the ATPase gene at the same position as AbaR1 was found in HK302. PCR mapping and partial sequencing revealed that this region is structurally congruent with AbaR3, a 63.4 kb island described in an A. baumannii isolate from 2004. CONCLUSIONS: A. baumannii HK302 belongs to EU clone I and harbours an AbaR3-like island related to resistance islands described in EU clone I strains. Our findings suggest that variants of these sophisticated genomic structures already existed in A. baumannii in the late 1970s.

• MeSH
• Acinetobacter baumannii účinky léků   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• DNA bakterií chemie   genetika   MeSH
• DNA fingerprinting MeSH
• epidemický výskyt choroby MeSH
• genomové ostrovy * MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• infekce bakteriemi rodu Acinetobacter epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• infekce spojené se zdravotní péčí epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mnohočetná bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• pořadí genů MeSH
• restrikční mapování MeSH
• ribotypizace MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• shluková analýza MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Švýcarsko epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• DNA bakterií MeSH