BACKGROUND: Gait disturbances have emerged as some of the main therapeutic concerns in late-stage Parkinson's disease (PD) treated with dopaminergic therapy and deep brain stimulation (DBS). External cues may help to overcome freezing of gait (FOG) and improve some of the gait parameters. AIM: To evaluate the effect of 3D visual cues and STN-DBS on gait in PD group. METHODS: We enrolled 35 PD patients treated with DBS of nucleus subthalamicus (STN-DBS). Twenty-five patients (5 females; mean age 58.9 ±6.3) and 25 sex- and age-matched controls completed the gait examination. The gait in 10 patients deteriorated in OFF state. The severity of PD was evaluated using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and Hoehn and Yahr (HY). The PD group filled the Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES) and Freezing of Gait Questionnaire (FOGQ). Gait was examined using the GaitRite Analysis System, placed in the middle of the 10m marked path. The PD group was tested without dopaminergic medication with and without visual cueing together with the DBS switched ON and OFF. The setting of DBS was double-blind and performed in random order. RESULTS: The UPDRS was 21.9 ±9.5 in DBS ON state and 41.3 ±13.7 in DBS OFF state. HY was 2.5 ±0.6, FES 12.4 ±4.1 and FOGQ 9.4 ±5.7. In the DBS OFF state, PD group walked more slowly with shorter steps, had greater step length variability and longer duration of the double support phase compared to healthy controls. The walking speed and step length increased in the DBS ON state. The double support phase was reduced with 3D visual cueing and DBS; the combination of both cueing and DBS was even more effective. CONCLUSION: Cueing with 3D visual stimuli shortens the double support phase in PD patients treated with DBS-STN. The DBS is more effective in prolonging step length and increasing gait speed. We conclude that 3D visual cueing can improve walking in patients with DBS.

• MeSH
• chůze (způsob) fyziologie   MeSH
• dvojitá slepá metoda MeSH
• hluboká mozková stimulace MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neurologické poruchy chůze patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• nucleus subthalamicus patofyziologie   MeSH
• Parkinsonova nemoc patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• podněty * MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Peripheral afferent input is critical for human motor control and motor learning. Both skin and deep muscle mechanoreceptors can affect motor behaviour when stimulated. Whereas some modalities such as vibration have been employed for decades to alter cutaneous and proprioceptive input, both experimentally and therapeutically, the central effects of mechanical pressure stimulation have been studied less frequently. This discrepancy is especially striking when considering the limited knowledge of the neurobiological principles of frequently used physiotherapeutic techniques that utilise peripheral stimulation, such as reflex locomotion therapy. Our review of the available literature pertaining to pressure stimulation focused on transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and neuroimaging studies, including both experimental studies in healthy subjects and clinical trials. Our search revealed a limited number of neuroimaging papers related to peripheral pressure stimulation and no evidence of effects on cortical excitability. In general, the majority of imaging studies agreed on the significant involvement of cortical motor areas during the processing of pressure stimulation. Recent data also point to the specific role of subcortical structures, such as putamen or brainstem reticular formation. A thorough comparison of the published results often demonstrated, however, major inconsistencies which are thought to be due to variable stimulation protocols and statistical power. In conclusion, localised peripheral sustained pressure is a potent stimulus inducing changes in cortical activation within sensory and motor areas. Despite historical evidence for modulation of motor behaviour, no direct link can be established based on available fMRI and electrophysiological data. We highlight the limited amount of research devoted to this stimulus modality, emphasise current knowledge gaps, present recent developments in the field and accentuate evidence awaiting replication or confirmation in future neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies.

• Klíčová slova
• Vojta reflex locomotion therapy, neurorehabilitation, pressure stimulation, sensorimotor integration, somatosensory system,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• motorické poruchy terapie   MeSH
• neurologické poruchy chůze terapie   MeSH
• pohybová aktivita fyziologie   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• somatosenzorické korové centrum fyziologie   MeSH
• techniky fyzikální terapie * MeSH
• tlak * MeSH
• transkraniální magnetická stimulace metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

BACKGROUND: Functional electric stimulation (FES) is recommended for foot drop in multiple sclerosis, although little is known about its therapeutic effect. AIM: The aim of this study is to evaluate a therapeutic effect immediately and two months after program termination (persistent and delayed effect) of a new approach using FES in combination with correcting the patients' postural system. More specifically, we evaluate the effects of this approach on the patients' clinical functions and compared it with individual physiotherapy. DESIGN: Parallel randomized blind trial. SETTING: Two-month-long treatments, functional electric stimulation in posturally corrected position (group 1) and neuroproprioceptive facilitation and inhibition physiotherapy called motor program activating therapy (group 2). POPULATION: Forty-four subjects with multiple sclerosis. METHODS: Primary outcomes: gait (the 2-Minute Walk Test; Timed 25-Foot Walk test; Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale-12) and balance (by e.g. Berg Balance Scale [BBS], the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale [ABC], Timed Up-and-Go Test [TUG]). SECONDARY OUTCOMES: mobility, cognition, fatigue and subjects' perceptions (e.g. Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale [MSIS], Euroqol-5 dimensions-5 levels [EQ-5D-5L]). RESULTS: Group 1 showed immediate therapeutic effect in BBS (P=0.008), ABC (P=0.04) and EQ-5D-5L (self-care, P=0.019, mobility P=0.005). The improvement in EQ-5D-5L persisted and in TUG-cognitive we documented a delayed effect (P=0.005). Group 2 showed an immediate improvement in BBS (P=0.025), MSIS (P=0.043) and several aspects of daily life (the effect on health today was significantly higher than in group 1, significant difference between groups P=0.038). CONCLUSIONS: FES in the posturally corrected position has an immediate therapeutic effect on balance and patients' perceptions comparable to motor program activating therapy, and higher persistent and even delayed therapeutic effect. CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT: The study results point to the importance of correcting the patients' posture when applying FES, the possibility to treat foot drop by individual physiotherapy and the activation of the patients' auto reparative processes.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• elektrostimulační terapie metody   MeSH
• jednoduchá slepá metoda MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neurologické poruchy chůze terapie   MeSH
• neuropatie nervus peroneus terapie   MeSH
• posturální rovnováha fyziologie   MeSH
• posuzování pracovní neschopnosti MeSH
• roztroušená skleróza terapie   MeSH
• test chůzí MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

Functional gait disorders are common in clinical practice. They are also usually disabling for affected individuals. The diagnosis is challenging because no single walking pattern is pathognomonic for a functional gait disorder. Establishing a diagnosis is based not primarily on excluding organic gait disorders but instead predominantly on recognizing positive clinical features of functional gait disorders, such as an antalgic, a buckling, or a waddling gait. However, these features can resemble and overlap with organic gait disorders. It is therefore necessary to also look for inconsistency (variations in clinical presentation that cannot be reconciled with an organic lesion) and incongruity (combination of symptoms and signs that is not seen with organic lesions). Yet, these features also have potential pitfalls as inconsistency can occur in patients with dystonic gait or those with freezing of gait. Similarly, patients with dystonia or chorea can present with bizarre gait patterns that may falsely be interpreted as incongruity. A further complicating factor is that functional and organic gait disorders may coexist within the same patient. To improve the diagnostic process, we present a sign-based approach-supported by videos-that incorporates the diverse clinical spectrum of functional gait disorders. We identify 7 groups of supportive gait signs that can signal the presence of functional gait disorders. For each group of signs, we highlight how specific clinical tests can bring out the inconsistencies and incongruencies that further point to a functional gait disorder.

• MeSH
• chůze MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neurologické poruchy chůze diagnóza   terapie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

This study focuses on the drop foot case related to hyperthyroidism of the ankle joint resulting in the relaxation of the toes during walking. This condition requires treatment using an ankle-foot orthosis. Traditional orthosis techniques lack precision and depend on the skill of the fabricator. This research aims to make a bias in ankle-foot orthosis design and analysis methods, where a complete methodology of numerical design and testing has been proposed using advanced engineering software. A numerical model of the patient's foot was generated and used to design an ankle-foot orthosis model using SolidWorks. The designed model was mechanically analyzed by the finite element method using ANSYS Workbench 16.1 under different static and dynamic loading conditions. The ankle-foot orthosis model was numerically designed and analyzed before the manufacturing process. This is believed to reduce time and material loss and foster the use of numerical models in biomedical applications. This study suggests focusing on the design and analysis of orthoses according to the patient's measurements. This is expected to increase the comfort and raise the level of treatment. Numerical design methods also enable precise manufacturing using computerized devices such as three-dimensional printers.

• Klíčová slova
• Drop foot, ankle–foot orthosis, energy dissipation, finite element analysis, rotational hardness,
• MeSH
• analýza metodou konečných prvků MeSH
• biomechanika MeSH
• chůze fyziologie   MeSH
• design s pomocí počítače MeSH
• design vybavení metody   MeSH
• hlezenní kloub fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neurologické poruchy chůze * etiologie   patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• ortézy nohy (od hlezna dolů) * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Gait festination is one of the most characteristic gait disturbances in patients with Parkinson's disease or atypical parkinsonism. Although festination is common and disabling, it has received little attention in the literature, and different definitions exist. Here, we argue that there are actually two phenotypes of festination. The first phenotype entails a primary locomotion disturbance, due to the so-called sequence effect: a progressive shortening of step length, accompanied by a compensatory increase in cadence. This phenotype strongly relates to freezing of gait with alternating trembling of the leg. The second phenotype results from a postural control problem (forward leaning of the trunk) combined with a balance control deficit (inappropriately small balance-correcting steps). In this viewpoint, we elaborate on the possible pathophysiological substrate of these two phenotypes of festination and discuss their management in daily clinical practice.

• Klíčová slova
• Balance, Festination, Freezing of gait, Gait, Parkinson’s disease,
• MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neurologické poruchy chůze klasifikace   etiologie   patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• parkinsonské poruchy komplikace   patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• posturální rovnováha fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

• MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neurologické poruchy chůze etiologie   terapie   MeSH
• Parkinsonova nemoc komplikace   MeSH
• pilotní projekty MeSH
• prefrontální mozková kůra patofyziologie   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• transkraniální magnetická stimulace * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• dopisy MeSH
• klinické zkoušky MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH