The skeletal remains of the young female (20-24 years) from Grave JP/106, discovered in the Southern Suburb of the Břeclav - Pohansko Stronghold (Early Middle Ages, 9th century-beginning of the 10th century, present day Czech Republic) display several noteworthy pathologies. The first is deformation of the mandible, which was most probably caused by a fracture of the ramus in combination with a subcondylar fracture. The spine of this young woman also exhibits a probable traumatic injury of the cervical spine in combination with a slowly growing structure situated inside the spinal canal, which caused deformation centered upon C7. The cervical and thoracic spine together with internal surfaces of several ribs exhibit infectious changes of advanced stage, in all likelihood of tuberculous origin, but osteomyelitis cannot be excluded. Histological analysis of the new bone formation in the ribs confirmed infectious origin, as does Micro CT of C5 and C6. Analyses conducted by two different departments with different methods (PCR amplification of 123 bp long section from IS6110 and Next Generation shotgun sequencing) failed to identify DNA of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the first rib.

• Klíčová slova
• Early middle ages, Fracture, Mycosis, Osteomyelitis, Palaeopathology, Pohansko, Trauma, Tuberculosis,
• MeSH
• chronická nemoc MeSH
• dějiny středověku MeSH
• fraktury kostí dějiny   patologie   MeSH
• krční obratle patologie   MeSH
• krk patologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• poranění páteře dějiny   MeSH
• rány a poranění diagnóza   dějiny   patologie   MeSH
• tuberkulóza diagnóza   dějiny   patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny středověku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

The first to use the term Scapula was Vesalius (1514-1564) and thus it has remained ever since. Probably the oldest injured scapula, from 250 million years ago, was described by Chinese authors of a skeletal examination of a fossilised remains of a dinosaur Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis. In humans, the oldest known scapular fractures date back to the prehistoric and early historic times. In ancient times, a fracture of acromion was described in the treatises of Hippocrates. Early modern history of the treatment of scapular fractures is closely interlinked with the history of the French surgery. The first to point out the existence of these fractures were Petit, Du Verney and Desault in the 18th century. The first study devoted solely to scapular fractures was published by Traugott Karl August Vogt in 1799. Thomas Callaway published in 1849 an extensive dissertation on injuries to the shoulder girdle, in which he discussed a number of cases known at that time. The first radiograph of a scapular fracture was published by Petty in 1907. Mayo Robson (1884), Lambotte (1913) and Lane (1914) were pioneers in the surgical treatment of these fractures, followed in 1923 by the French surgeons Lenormat, Dujarrier and Basset. The first internal fixation of the glenoid fossa, including a radiograph, was published by Fischer in 1939.

• Klíčová slova
• History, History of treatment of scapular fractures, Scapula, Scapular fracture,
• MeSH
• dějiny 16. století MeSH
• dějiny 17. století MeSH
• dějiny 18. století MeSH
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• fraktury kostí dějiny   chirurgie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lopatka zranění   MeSH
• poranění paže dějiny   chirurgie   MeSH
• vnitřní fixace fraktury dějiny   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 16. století MeSH
• dějiny 17. století MeSH
• dějiny 18. století MeSH
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• klasické články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The presented overview shows that the first efforts to address patellar fractures by operative treatment, although sporadic, emerged in the pre-antiseptic era. Introduction of Lister's antiseptic method in Great Britain, Germany and the USA in 1877-1882 contributed to a new, progressive trend in the treatment of fractures of the patella as well as of other bones. The authors, using Lister's antiseptic method, evaluated three basic aspects in their operations, namely healing of the surgical wound without infective complications, achievement of bony union and a good functional outcome, i.e. restoring the range of motion in the knee, even if limited in most cases. The majority of them used a longitudinal incision and fixation by a silver wire.

• Klíčová slova
• History of internal fixation, History of orthopaedics, Patellar fractures,
• MeSH
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• fraktury kostí dějiny   chirurgie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• patela zranění   chirurgie   MeSH
• vnitřní fixace fraktury dějiny   metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH
• Spojené státy americké MeSH

Surgery in the first half of the nineteenth century was primarily dominated by pain and fear of lethal infections. Therefore, the absolute majority of fractures and dislocations were treated non-operatively. Development of operative treatment of fractures was influenced by three major inventions: anaesthesia (1846), antisepsis (1865) and X-rays (1895). The first to use external fixation is traditionally considered to be Malgaigne (1843). However, his devices cannot be considered as external fixation. Von der Höhe, in 1843, fixed a non-union of the femur by inserting into both fragments a couple of screws transversely connected outside the wound. Von Langenbeck in 1855 treated a non-union of the humerus with screws connected by a devise designed for this purpose. A predecessor of nailing of acute diaphyseal fractures may be considered to be fixation of diaphyseal non-unions of the femur, humerus and tibia with ivory intramedullary pegs, performed by Dieffenbach in 1846. Nevertheless, until 1885, osteosynthesis was still a Cinderella having at its disposal mainly wires, ivory pegs and very primitive types of external fixation. During the following 35 years (1886-1921), operative treatment of fractures witnessed an unprecedented revolution. Radiology became an integral part of bone and joint surgery. All types of osteosynthesis, i.e. plates (Hansmann 1886), external fixation (Parkhill 1897) and intramedullary nails (Schöne 1913) were introduced into clinical practice. Basic experiments were undertaken, surgical approaches described and the first textbooks on osteosynthesis published.

• MeSH
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• fixace fraktur dějiny   přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• fraktury kostí dějiny   chirurgie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH

The history of treatment of scapula fractures is closely connected with the history of the French surgery. Paré (Les œuvres d´Ambroise Paré, conseiller, et premier chirurgien du Roy, Gabriel Buon, Paris, p VCV, 1579), Petit (Traité des maladies des os. Tome second, Charles-Etienne Hochereau, Paris, pp 122–138, 1723), Du Verney (Traité des maladies des os. Tome I, de Burre, Paris, pp 220–231, 1751) and Desault (Œuvres chirurgicales, ou tableau de la doctrine et de la pratique dans le traitement des maladies externes par Xav. Bichat, Desault, Méquignon, Devilliers, Deroi, Paris, pp 98–106, 1798) were the first to point out the existence of these fractures. The first drawing of a scapula fracture was presented by Vogt (Dissertatio de ambarum scapularum dextroeque simul claviculae fractura rara, Dissertatione Universitae Vitembergensi, Wittenberg, 1799). This author was also the first to describe the scapula fracture associated with ipsilateral fracture of the clavicle. The first radiograph of scapula fracture (glenoid fossa fracture) was published by Struthers (Edinburgh Med J 4(3):147–149, 1910). The first internal fixation of scapula fracture using plate was done by Lambotte (1910) who was followed by Lane (The operative treatment of fractures, Medical Publishing Co, London, pp 99–101, 1914) and later by Lenormant (Sur l´ostéosynthèse dans certains fractures de l´omoplate Bulletins et mémoires de la Société de chirgie de Paris, pp 1501–1502, 1923), Dujarier (Fracture du col chirgical de l´omoplate. Ostéosynthèse par plaque en T. Bonne réduction. Bulletin et mémoires de la Société de chirurgie de Paris, pp 1492–1493, 1923) and Basset (Ostéosynthèse d´une fracture de l´omoplate. Bulletin et mémoires de la Société nationale de chirurgie. p 193, 1924). Dupont and Evrard (J Chir (Paris) 39:528–534, 1932) presented the first detailed description of the surgical approach along the lateral border of the scapula including two drawings. They were also the first to use the term “pillar of scapula”. Judet (Acta Orthop Belg 30:673–678, 1964) advocated operative treatment of displaced scapula fractures and described extensile posterior approach. Based on the French school, AO/ASIF improved methods of internal fixation of these fractures.

• MeSH
• dějiny 16. století MeSH
• dějiny 17. století MeSH
• dějiny 18. století MeSH
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• fixace fraktur dějiny   metody   MeSH
• fraktury kostí diagnostické zobrazování   dějiny   terapie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lopatka diagnostické zobrazování   zranění   MeSH
• obvazy dějiny   MeSH
• rentgendiagnostika MeSH
• učebnice jako téma dějiny   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 16. století MeSH
• dějiny 17. století MeSH
• dějiny 18. století MeSH
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Francie MeSH

• MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• fraktury kostí dějiny   terapie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• biografie MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• portréty MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Rakousko MeSH

• O autorovi
• Böhler, L