Cholangiocarcinoma is a cancer with very poor prognosis. The only potentially curative approach is surgical resection of tumor. However, the rate of local and distant recurrence after radical surgery is still high. Benefit of adjuvant therapy is not clearly defined, nevertheless patients at high risk of recurrence are indicated to chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. Locally advanced, unresectable disease can also be treated with chemotherapy alone, or with her combination with radiotherapy. Required radiation doses are relatively high, therefore it is necessary to use highly conformal radiation therapy. Treatment of metastatic disease is currently based on systemic therapy, combination of gemcitabine and cisplatin as standard of care. Benefit of targeted molecular therapy is not clear at present, but ongoing research in genetic profiling of tumor may help to improve current clinical practice. Patients with cholangiocarcinoma have to be discussed during multidisciplinary team meetings.
- Klíčová slova
- cholangiocarcinoma, drug therapy, radiotherapy adjuvant, targeted therapy,
- MeSH
- chemoradioterapie MeSH
- cholangiokarcinom * terapie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kombinovaná terapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory jater * terapie MeSH
- nádory žlučových cest * terapie MeSH
- žlučové cesty intrahepatální * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Pancreatic cancer has one of the worst prognoses of any type of cancer. Early detection and surgery is the best chance for cure. However, symptoms are typically vague and occur when the cancer is unresectable. Early detection through screening is likely to be the best hope to improve survival. The relatively low incidence of pancreatic cancer and the insensitive screening techniques currently available render this approach expensive and inefficient in the general population. Early detection and screening for pancreatic cancer in the current state should be limited to highrisk patiens. But hereditary factors account about 10% of patients with pancreatic cancer (familial pancreatic cancer, hereditary pancreatitis, Peutz Jeghers syndrom etc.). Continued efforts are needed to discover effective test to identify patients with nonhereditary risk factors who will benefit from screening and also to develop less invasive and more costeffective screening modalities aimed at controlling pancreatic cancer. A combined ap-proach of serum markers, genetic markers and specific imaging studies may prove to be the future of pancreatic screening.
- Klíčová slova
- pancreatic cancer - gallbladder cancer - precancerous conditions - risk factors,
- MeSH
- časná detekce nádoru ekonomika MeSH
- incidence MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory slinivky břišní diagnóza epidemiologie patologie terapie MeSH
- nádory žlučových cest diagnóza epidemiologie patologie terapie MeSH
- prekancerózy * MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- anglický abstrakt MeSH
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Hilar cholangiocarcinoma is a rare tumor with a rather poor prognosis, and thus remains a challenge for diagnosis and treatment. The sole potentionally curative treatment is the complete resection of the tumor. A negative surgical margin is one of the most important factors in achieving prolonged survival. A preoperative evaluation of the tumor is important for the evaluation of resectability and the extent of surgery. Unfortunately, only a small number of patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma is indicated for the radical procedure. Liver transplantation is not a standard method in the treatment of the Klatskin tumor and it is reserved only for carefully selected patients in a few transplant centres. The main aim of the palliative treatment is biliary drainage, reduction of the pain and pruritus and overall improvement of the quality of life. Adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy are the important parts of the complex therapy, however, no definite regimen has been established to date. Further evidence is needed to define the role of liver transplantation and (neo)adjuvant new therapeutic modalities. Key words: hilar cholangiocarcinoma - radical surgery - palliative treatment - liver transplantation - (neo) adjuvant chemotherapy - radiotherapy.
- MeSH
- ductus hepaticus communis * MeSH
- Klatskinův nádor diagnóza terapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory žlučových cest diagnóza terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- anglický abstrakt MeSH
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Bile duct malignancies include intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ECC), gall bladder carcinoma (GC) and carcinoma of Vater's ampulla (ampulloma). Bile duct neoplasms are rare tumours with overall poor prognosis. The overall incidence affects up to 12.5 per 100,000 persons in the Czech Republic. The mortality rate has risen recently to 9.5 per 100,000 persons. The incidence and mortality have been remarkably stable over the past 3 decades. The survival rate of patients with these tumours is poor, usually not exceeding 12 months. The diagnostic process is complex, uneasy and usually late. Most cases are diagnosed when unresectable, and palliative treatment is the main approach of medical care for these tumours. The treatment remains very challenging. New approaches have not brought much improvement in this field. Standards of palliative care are lacking and quality of life assessments are surprisingly not common. From the scarce data it seems, however, that multimodal individually tailored treatment can prolong patients'survival and improve the health-related quality of life. The care in specialized centres offers methods of surgery, interventional radiology, clinical oncology and high quality supportive care. These methods are discussed in the article in greater detail. Improvements in this field can be sought in new diagnostic methods and new procedures in surgery and interventional radiology. Understanding the tumour biology on the molecular level could shift the strategy to a more successful one, resulting in more cured patients. Further improvements in palliative care can be sought by defining new targets and new drug development. The lack of patients with bile duct neoplasms has been the limiting factor for any improvements. A new design of larger randomized international multicentric clinical trials with prompt data sharing could help to overcome this major problem. Defining standards of palliative care is a necessity. Addressing health-related quality of life could help to assess the real benefit of palliative treatment.
- MeSH
- cholangiokarcinom diagnóza epidemiologie terapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory ductus choledochus diagnóza terapie MeSH
- nádory žlučníku diagnóza terapie MeSH
- nádory žlučových cest * diagnóza epidemiologie terapie MeSH
- prognóza MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
AIMS AND BACKGROUND: Conventional radiotherapy in inoperable cholangiocarcinoma is limited by radiotolerance of the surrounding tissues. The aim of our dosimetric study was an evaluation of intensity-modulated radiotherapy in the treatment of inoperable bile duct carcinoma. METHODS: Four patients with inoperable cholangiocarcinoma treated by self-expandable stent placed to the biliary tree and radiotherapy were studied. The rotational technique, conformal 3D BOX technique and intensity-modulated radiotherapy plan were compared. Dose volume histograms and the normal tissue complication probability concept were used for comparison. The stent was used for target motion verification. RESULTS: The intensity-modulated radiotherapy plans showed favorable dose distribution in planning target volume and remarkable sparing of organs at risk. CONCLUSIONS: The intensity-modulated radiotherapy technique in bile duct carcinomas deserves further research and clinical evaluation.
- MeSH
- celková dávka radioterapie MeSH
- cholangiokarcinom radioterapie terapie MeSH
- kombinovaná terapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory žlučových cest radioterapie terapie MeSH
- paliativní péče MeSH
- počítačová simulace MeSH
- radioterapie s modulovanou intenzitou metody MeSH
- stenty MeSH
- žlučové cesty extrahepatické * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
BACKGROUND/AIMS: To evaluate the effect of a combination of intraluminal brachytherapy and metallic stent implantation in the treatment of patients with nonresectable biliary tumors. METHODOLOGY: Thirty-two patients aged 41-80 years with nonresectable biliary malignancies--Klatskin's tumor (n = 17), gallbladder carcinoma (n = 11) and carcinoma of papilla Vateri (n = 4)--were treated with a combination of intraluminal brachytherapy (source Ir192, high-dose radiation regimen, total dose 30 Gy) and metallic stent implantation. Intraluminal brachytherapy and stent insertion (metallic, spiral-Z stent) were performed percutaneously in all patients. RESULTS: The mean survival in patients with Klatskin's tumor was 457 days (range: 64-1186; median: 358 days), in patients with gallbladder carcinoma 237 days (range: 92-609; median: 210 days) and in patients with carcinoma of papilla Vateri 850 days (range: 48-1518; median: 1277 days). The rate of 2-year survival in these groups as 27, 0 and 50%, respectively. The survival time differed significantly at the 5% level. The mean time of stent patency was 418, 220 and 850 days, respectively. No complications related directly to intraluminal brachytherapy were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Intraluminal brachytherapy combined with stent implantation is a safe method and appears to prolong survival in inoperable patients with Klatskin's tumor and carcinoma of papilla Vateri compared with nontreated patients in previous studies. In contrast no similar effect should be expected in patients with gallbladder carcinoma.
- MeSH
- ampulla Vateri MeSH
- brachyterapie metody MeSH
- cholestáza mortalita terapie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- ductus hepaticus communis MeSH
- Klatskinův nádor mortalita terapie MeSH
- kombinovaná terapie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- míra přežití MeSH
- nádory ductus choledochus mortalita terapie MeSH
- nádory žlučníku mortalita terapie MeSH
- nádory žlučových cest mortalita terapie MeSH
- následné studie MeSH
- paliativní péče * MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- stenty * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
