Chop or slash wounds are produced by sharp-edged tools such as an axe, or a machete. This paper presents a case of a violent death of a 57 year-old-man. Autopsy revealed deformation of the right side of the head. A total of 23 slash, stab and cut wounds as well as contused lacerations were identified on the scalp as well as the face and the neck. In addition, superficial abrasions and bruises were identified on the skin. The immediate cause of death was due to extensive brain contusion following fragmentation of the neurocranium. The injuries resulting in the death of the victim were sustained during an assault on the head with an axe, which was used both as a slashing tool and a blunt instrument.

• Klíčová slova
• Autopsy, Axe, Brain contusion, Forensic medicine, Homicide, Slash wounds,
• MeSH
• bodné rány patologie   MeSH
• fraktury lebky patologie   MeSH
• kontuze mozku patologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• penetrující poranění hlavy patologie   MeSH
• tříštivé fraktury patologie   MeSH
• vražda * MeSH
• zbraně * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH

The assessment of fractures is a key issue in forensic anthropology; however, very few studies deal with the features of fractures due to explosion in comparison with other traumatic injuries. This study focuses on fractures resulting from blast trauma and two types of blunt force trauma (manual compression and running over), applied to corpses of pigs; 163 osteons were examined within forty fractures by the transmission light microscopy. Blast lesions showed a higher percentage of fracture lines through the Haversian canal, whereas in other types of trauma, the fractures went across the inner lamellae. Significant differences between samples hit by blast energy and those runover or manually compressed were observed (p<0.05). The frequency of pattern A is significantly higher in exploded bones than in runover and compressed. Microscopic analysis of the fracture line may provide information about the type of trauma, especially for what concerns blast trauma.

• Klíčová slova
• blast trauma, bone trauma, forensic anthropology, forensic science, fracture morphology, osteons,
• MeSH
• Haversův systém zranění   patologie   MeSH
• kompresivní fraktury patologie   MeSH
• modely u zvířat MeSH
• pilotní projekty MeSH
• poranění tlakovou vlnou patologie   MeSH
• soudní antropologie MeSH
• tříštivé fraktury patologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Long term outcome of the treatment of displaced complex fractures of humeral head is rare in the literature especially in greater cohorts. Main purpose of our study was the assessment of long term results of intramedullary nailing of 3-4 part fractures. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 137 patients with 137 three or four-part fractures of the humeral head treated by intramedullary nailing were reassessed after an average follow-up time of 57 (27-93) months. The whole cohort consisted of 85 three-part fractures, 38 four-part fractures and 14 fracture-dislocations. Radiographic and clinical outcome - absolute Constant score (CS(abs)) and relative Constant score (compared to the contralateral side - CS(rel)) were evaluated. The rate of complications was recorded. Analysis of the influence of quality of achieved reduction on final functional result and on the development of complications was performed. RESULTS: 125 fractures healed uneventfully. Mean long term CS(rel) was 81% of the unaffected side. Mean CS(rel) was 85% in 3-part fractures, 73% in four-part fractures, 80% in three-part fracture-dislocations and 70% in four-part fracture-dislocations. 96 (70%) patients achieved excellent or good results (CS(rel) higher than 80%), 17 (12.4%) satisfactory results and 24 (17.5%) poor results (CS(rel) less than 60%). No significant difference was observed in functional results between different age groups. No incidence of non-union was observed, 4 losses of reduction were encountered. We observed 17 cases of complete humeral head necrosis, 14 of them in the group of 4-part fractures. Reduction quality strongly influenced functional result and development of head necrosis. In the group of excellent reduction mean CS(rel) was 88% and the rate of necrosis was 2%. Moderate reduction quality deteriorated CS(rel) to 70% and head necrosis rate rose up to 28%. If reduction was poor, mean CS(rel) was 52% and the rate of complete necrosis rose to 60%. CONCLUSION: Long term results confirmed nailing as appropriate treatment strategy for all types of humeral head fractures with limitation of excellent reduction in every age group. Moderate or even poor reduction significantly deteriorates functional results and increases rate of complete necrosis of the humeral head. If good reduction cannot be achieved, treatment strategy should be changed.

• Klíčová slova
• 3–4 part fractures, Antegrade nail fixation, Humeral head fractures, Influence of the quality of reduction, Long term result, Osteonecrosis,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fraktury humeru diagnostické zobrazování   patologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• hlavice humeru diagnostické zobrazování   patologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• hojení fraktur MeSH
• intramedulární fixace fraktury * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• následné studie MeSH
• osteonekróza diagnostické zobrazování   chirurgie   MeSH
• pooperační komplikace MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• radiografie MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• tříštivé fraktury diagnostické zobrazování   patologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The therapeutic applications of titanium-nickel (TiNi) shape memory clamps with optimized structural characteristics for fixation of small bone fragments in 64 patients are presented. Our fixative makes compressive stabilization possible and enables a patient to start rehabilitation very soon after surgery. The supporting splint immobilization never exceeded 12 days. Three aspects were studied: bone union, wound healing problems and histology. Non-union occurred in 4 patients treated with only one fixative. Two clamps implanted in non-parallel planes seem to be advisable to exclude the need for longer immobilization. Neither toxic manifestation nor episodes of an allergic reaction occurred. No suppuration appeared when a heat stimulus was supplied by using a contact resistance heater. Histological evaluation of the tissue covering the implants in 22 patients did not reveal any adverse reaction. Our study suggests that by using TiNi clamps in an appropriate way, satisfactory outcomes could be achieved with respect to both biofunctionality and biocompatibility.

• MeSH
• chirurgické nástroje * MeSH
• hojení fraktur fyziologie   MeSH
• interní fixátory MeSH
• kosti nohy (od hlezna dolů) zranění   chirurgie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metakarpofalangeální kloub zranění   chirurgie   MeSH
• následné studie MeSH
• nikl * MeSH
• poranění nohy (od hlezna dolů) diagnostické zobrazování   chirurgie   MeSH
• poranění ruky diagnostické zobrazování   chirurgie   MeSH
• radiografie MeSH
• remodelace kosti fyziologie   MeSH
• slitiny * MeSH
• titan * MeSH
• tříštivé fraktury diagnostické zobrazování   patologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• vnitřní fixace fraktury škodlivé účinky   přístrojové vybavení   metody   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• klinické zkoušky MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• nikl * MeSH
• slitiny * MeSH
• titan * MeSH
• titanium nickelide MeSH Prohlížeč