The findings obtained by the famous nineteenth-century Czech scientist Jan Evangelista Purkyně (1787-1869) in the field of microscopic structure of animal and human tissues, including the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, have already been described in depth in a number of older and newer publications. The present article contains an overview of the instruments and tools that Purkyně and his assistants used for microscopic research of tissue histology. Some of these instruments were developed either by Purkyně alone, such as the microtomic compressor, or together with his assistant Adolph Oschatz, such as the microtome. A brief overview of the development of the cutting engines suggests that the first microtome, a prototype of modern sliding microtomes, was designed and constructed under the supervision of Purkyně at the Institute of Physiology in Wrocław. Purkyně and his assistants, thus, not only obtained important findings of animal and human nervous and other tissues but also substantially contributed to the development of instruments and tools for their study, a fact often forgotten today.
- Klíčová slova
- Brain, Oschatz, Purkyně, histology, microscope, microtome, nineteenth century,
- MeSH
- dějiny 19. století MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikroskopie dějiny přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- mikrotomie dějiny přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- neurovědy dějiny přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- výzkum dějiny přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- dějiny 19. století MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- biografie MeSH
- časopisecké články MeSH
- historické články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Československo MeSH
- O autorovi
- Purkyn��, Jan Evangelista
Recently, portable Raman instrumentation has been in demand for geosciences and for future planetary exploration for the identification of both organic and inorganic compounds in situ on Earth and on other planetary bodies, especially on Mars. Here we present the results of the analysis of halite/β-carotene and halite/mellitic acid mixtures, performed by miniaturized Raman instrumentation equipped with 785 and 1064 nm excitation. Various proportions of organics in the halite matrix were examined. The lowest concentration of β-carotene detected using the 785 nm laser was 1 mg kg(-1), with slightly better signals observed with shorter exposure times compared with the bench instrument using the same excitation wavelength. Mellitic acid was identified at the concentration level 10 g kg(-1). The 1064 nm excitation provided a lower sensitivity towards low concentration when compared with the 785 nm excitation.
- MeSH
- benzoáty analýza MeSH
- beta-karoten analýza MeSH
- minerály analýza MeSH
- Ramanova spektroskopie přístrojové vybavení metody MeSH
- senzitivita a specificita MeSH
- výzkum přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- hodnotící studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- benzoáty MeSH
- beta-karoten MeSH
- mellitic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
- minerály MeSH
A large-scale, double-stream gas puff target has been illuminated by sub-kJ, near-infrared (NIR) focused laser pulses at the PALS facility (Prague Asterix Laser System) to produce high-energy pulses of soft X rays from hot, dense plasma. The double-puff arrangement ensures high gas density and conversion efficiency from NIR to X rays approaching that typical for solid targets. In addition, its major advantage over solid targets is that it is free of debris and has substantially suppressed charged-particle emission. The X-ray emission characteristics of the source were determined for a range of gases that included krypton, xenon, N(2), CO and N(2)-CO. A demonstrated application of the xenon-based source is a single-shot damage induction to plasmid DNA. The yields of single-strand breaks (SSBs) and double-strand breaks (DSBs) were determined as a function of energy fluence adjusted by varying distance of sample from the source and thickness of aluminum filters.
- MeSH
- analýza selhání vybavení MeSH
- dávka záření MeSH
- design vybavení MeSH
- lasery * MeSH
- nanotechnologie přístrojové vybavení metody MeSH
- odběr biologického vzorku přístrojové vybavení metody MeSH
- plazmidy chemie účinky záření MeSH
- poškození DNA účinky záření MeSH
- radiobiologie přístrojové vybavení metody MeSH
- rentgenové záření * MeSH
- výzkum přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- výzkumný projekt MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- hodnotící studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The PC is and will remain a basic instrument in the laboratory arsenal in the next few years. The key role of the IBM PC and its clones prompted us to develop a universal multifunctional I/O board (UNIMUL) for this computer. The board will make it possible to use the IBM PC for a wide range of tasks from a simple interface for laboratory processing of data to complex IBM PC-based instruments, e.g. a stimulator, signal analyzer, chart recorder. The present article summarizes the experience gathered during the design and application of the described I/O board in more than 10 different IBM PC-based laboratory and clinical systems listed in the Appendix. An example of the application of the I/O board is presented in the conclusion of this report together with the discussion of the future role of new Application-Specific Integration Circuits (ASICs) and single chip processors in this domain.
