Only a fraction of specimens under study are usually selected for quantification in histology. Multilevel sampling or tissue probes, slides and fields of view (FOVs) in the regions of interest (ROIs) are required. In general, all parts of the organs under study should be given the same probability to be taken into account; that is, the sampling should be unbiased on all levels. The objective of our study was to provide an overview of the use of virtual microscopy in the context of developing sampling strategies of FOVs for stereological quantification. We elaborated this idea on 18 examples from multiple fields of histology, including quantification of extracellular matrix and muscle tissue, quantification of organ and tumour microvessels and tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes, assessing osseointegration of bone implants, healing of intestine anastomoses and osteochondral defects, counting brain neurons, counting nuclei in vitro cell cultures and others. We provided practical implications for the most common situations, such as exhaustive sampling of ROIs, sampling ROIs of different sizes, sampling the same ROIs for multiple histological methods, sampling more ROIs with variable intensities or using various objectives, multistage sampling and virtual sampling. Recommendations were provided for pilot studies on systematic uniform random sampling of FOVs as a part of optimizing the efficiency of histological quantification to prevent over- or undersampling. We critically discussed the pros and cons of using virtual sections for sampling FOVs from whole scanned sections. Our review demonstrated that whole slide scans of histological sections facilitate the design of sampling strategies for quantitative histology.

• Klíčová slova
• histological slides, quantitative microscopy, sampling, stereology, study design, veterinary histology,
• MeSH
• histologické techniky * veterinární   MeSH
• kosti a kostní tkáň MeSH
• mikroskopie * veterinární   MeSH
• mozek MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Many studies have been undertaken to assess the attitudes of medical students to the clinical importance of gross anatomy. However, much less is known about their attitudes toward the clinical importance of histology. Using Thurstone and Chave methods to assess attitudes, over 2,000 early stage medical students across Europe provided responses to a survey that tested the hypothesis that the students have a high regard for histology's clinical relevance. Regardless of the university and country surveyed, and of the teaching methods employed for histology, our findings were not consistent with our hypotheses, students providing a more moderate assessment of histology's importance compared to gross anatomy but more positive than their attitudes toward embryology. Histology should play a significant role in medical education in terms of appreciating not just normal structure and function but also pathology. We conclude that teachers of histology should pay special attention to informing newly-recruited medical students of the significant role played by histology in attaining clinical competence and in underpinning their status as being learned members of a healthcare profession. This work was conducted under the auspices of the Trans-European Pedagogic Research Group (TEPARG). Clin. Anat. 30:635-643, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

• Klíčová slova
• anatomy, histology, medical students, microscopical anatomy, student attitudes,
• MeSH
• histologie výchova   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• postoj zdravotnického personálu * MeSH
• studenti lékařství psychologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• histologické techniky MeSH
• histologie výchova   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• studium lékařství pregraduální * MeSH
• vyučování metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: In clinical practice, ultrasound assessment of the skin and superficial tissues is progressively becoming a valuable diagnostic tool to support physical examination in the outpatient setting. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to define a standardized sonographic approach to (layer-by-layer) accurately evaluate multiple histological layers of the skin and superficial tissues. METHODS: Using high-frequency ultrasound probes and high-level ultrasound machines, we matched the histological microarchitecture of superficial tissues with multiple sonographic patterns in physiological and pathological conditions. Moreover, high-sensitive color/power Doppler assessments have also been performed to evaluate the microcirculation. RESULTS: Modern equipment allow for a detailed "sonographic dissection" of the skin and superficial tissues by evaluating different histological layers in various clinical scenarios. High-sensitive Doppler imaging clearly depicts the microvasculature, especially of pathologies. CONCLUSIONS: In clinical practice, using adequate technological equipment, a detailed sonographic assessment of the superficial (soft) tissues can be performed with the use of high-frequency B-mode and high-sensitive Doppler imaging.

• Klíčová slova
• Dermis, Doppler, Morphology, Subcutaneous fat, Ultrasound,
• MeSH
• histologické techniky * MeSH
• kůže * diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• svaly MeSH
• ultrasonografie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

INTRODUCTION: There are only sporadic references in literature regarding general medicine and dentistry student´s preparedness for Histology, study resources and how students might use them in the era of virtual microscopy. METHODS: A structured questionnaire was used to evaluate students´ opinion, with 192 students of general medicine and 82 students of dentistry responding. RESULTS: The dentistry students evaluate their previous knowledge of basic high school disciplines as less helpful when compared to their general medicine colleagues, but this difference diminishes during the first year of medical school studies. Students of dentistry display a better orientation in the amount of study resources (electronic vs printed) and also the ways of their use (practical vs theoretical preparation). The main problems surfacing in the study of Histology have been: the lack of time due to the high demands of Anatomy, problems with correct identification of structures in specimens and correct orientation in a large number of available study resources. Students indicate that they would appreciate the introduction of interactive exercise tests to verify practical and theoretical knowledge. CONCLUSION: We revealed significant differences between students of general medicine and dentistry in terms of student´s preparedness and learning habits. According to our findings, it is still necessary to further develop teaching methods utilising virtual microscopy, taking into account the needs of both general medicine and dental school students.

• Klíčová slova
• e-sources, histology, tailored teaching approach, virtual microscopy,
• MeSH
• histologie * výchova   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• školy stomatologické * MeSH
• studenti MeSH
• studium stomatologie MeSH
• učení MeSH
• zvyky MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• histologické techniky MeSH
• histologie výchova   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• studium lékařství pregraduální * MeSH
• vyučování metody   MeSH
• výuka - hodnocení metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Methods of forensic anthropology are typically used in the identification process of partially or fully skeletonized human remains. Usually, the first step is to determine whether the examined material is human or animal. It may be easy in case of intact bone due to macroscopic differences between human and animal bone but in case of fragmented or burned remains, it might not be that clear and morphognostic methods of forensic anthropology (examination of bone by the naked eye) cannot be used. The same problem might arise in age at death estimation whereas the post-mortem modifications might change the appearance of bone or diminish the changes related to aging. The solution to these challenging situations could be a histomorphological examination of bone, which can be also very helpful in obtaining the medical history or history of trauma.

• Klíčová slova
• bone microstructure, forensic anthropology, histological examination of bone, identification from bone fragments., the age-at-death determination from the bone,
• MeSH
• histologické techniky MeSH
• kosti a kostní tkáň MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pitva MeSH
• popálení * MeSH
• soudní antropologie * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• ANATOMY *, EMBRYOLOGY *, HISTOLOGY *,
• MeSH
• anatomie * MeSH
• embryologie * MeSH
• histologie * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• univerzity * MeSH
• výzkumná zpráva * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

CONTEXT: Urothelial carcinoma can exhibit a wide range of variant morphologies. Many variants present diagnostic challenges and carry clinical implications that inform prognosis and treatment decisions. OBJECTIVE: To provide an overview of the diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic significance of histological variants of urothelial carcinoma. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A PubMed/MEDLINE-based literature search was conducted using the key terms "urothelial carcinoma", "variant histology", "nested", "micropapillary", "microcystic", "sarcomatoid", "squamous differentiation", "glandular differentiation", "clear cell", "plasmacytoid", "lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma", "squamous cell carcinoma", "small cell carcinoma", "adenocarcinoma", "radiotherapy", "neoadjuvant chemotherapy", and "adjuvant chemotherapy". EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: The incidence of variant histology is increasing due to improved recognition. Nonetheless, diagnosis can pose challenges due to sampling limitations and interobserver variability. Although associated with advanced disease at presentation, survival outcomes for most variants do not differ significantly compared with pure urothelial carcinoma of the same stage. Controversy exists regarding optimal management due to the low quality of available evidence. For most cases, radical cystectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection (with neoadjuvant chemotherapy when appropriate) represents the standard of care. Small cell carcinoma and lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma appear to be particularly chemosensitive. CONCLUSIONS: Accurate identification of variant histological subtypes is an important part of risk stratification, as these variants exhibit aggressive biological behaviour. Variant histology tumours are associated with advanced disease at presentation, which must be considered when counselling patients regarding survival outcomes. Optimal management remains to be defined but in most cases; neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radical cystectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection remains the mainstay of treatment. PATIENT SUMMARY: It is important to recognise histological variants of urothelial carcinoma as they indicate aggressive disease. When compared with patients with pure urothelial carcinoma of the same disease stage, survival does not appear to be significantly worse. In most cases, patients with invasive variant histology should be treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radical cystectomy. Take Home Messages Accurate identification of variant histology is important as it exhibits aggressive biological behaviour and affects treatment. Although associated with advanced disease at presentation, with appropriate treatment, survival outcomes are not significantly different compared with pure urothelial carcinoma of the same stage.

• Klíčová slova
• Adenocarcinoma, Bladder cancer, Clear cell urothelial carcinoma, Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma, Microcystic urothelial carcinoma, Micropapillary urothelial carcinoma, Nested urothelial carcinoma, Plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma, Sarcomatoid urothelial carcinoma, Small cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, Variant histology,
• MeSH
• karcinom z přechodných buněk klasifikace   diagnóza   patologie   terapie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• urologické nádory klasifikace   diagnóza   patologie   terapie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Virtual microscopy, used as a method to teach histology, has many undeniable advantages. However, the usefulness of this method is somewhat limited by the difficulties students face in finding their way through huge amounts of digital data, compounded by decreased interaction between students and teachers. We describe the results of a recent pilot project which combined the modern teaching methods of active learning, where students themselves present histological slides and make use of the virtual microscopy system. METHODS: Students' responses to a structured questionnaire and examination results were evaluated. RESULTS: We found that a combination of both electronic materials and textbooks was commonly used by students to prepare for practical teaching sessions, with electronic resources being used regularly by the majority of students. No statistically relevant differences were found between the approaches of dentistry vs general medicine students. Cooperation between students' groups during the preparation for individual presentations was seen to be beneficial by a majority of dentistry students; they reported that the introduction of student-led presentations improved their quality of preparation for practical lessons, as well as increasing their participation and activity level in the lessons themselves. These different approaches and motivations between students of dentistry and general medicine are reflected in the test results where dentistry students are more successful. CONCLUSION: We confirm that there are differences in motivation, approaches and examination results between both groups of students, which should be taken into account and which could lead to differentiation of future curricula for both study courses.

• Klíčová slova
• active learning, e-learning, evaluation, histology, student presentations, virtual microscopy,
• MeSH
• histologie výchova   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikroskopie metody   MeSH
• pilotní projekty MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• studenti lékařství psychologie   MeSH
• studenti stomatologie psychologie   MeSH
• studium stomatologie metody   MeSH
• učební pomůcky MeSH
• učení * MeSH
• virtuální realita * MeSH
• vyučování * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH