AIM: This study, as a part of "the Global Health Professions Student Survey" (GHPSS), aimed to assess medical students' tobacco use, exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke (SHS), and opinions as well as smoking policies at medical faculties in Turkey. METHODS: The study was conducted in 2010 as a school-based survey of third-year students in 12 medical schools. GHPSS uses a standardised methodology for selecting schools (probability proportional to student enrolment size) and data processing. In total, data from 1,217 of third year medical students were analysed. RESULTS: Prevalence of current tobacco use among participating students was 28.5%. Exposure to SHS in the last seven days was 46.9% at home, and 42.2% in other places. Among smokers, over 7 in 10 students reported smoking on medical school premises during the past 30 days and the past year. CONCLUSION: Medical students' exposure to SHS is common and smoking on medical school premises/buildings constitutes a problem. Turkey passed an anti-tobacco law in 2008, yet enforcement of the law must be stronger. In addition, medical schools must evaluate, and likely revise their education curricula to better prepare medical students to advocate tobacco control.

• MeSH
• kouření epidemiologie   zákonodárství a právo   psychologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• postoj * MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• školy lékařské statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• studenti lékařství psychologie   MeSH
• znečištění tabákovým kouřem zákonodárství a právo   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Turecko epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• znečištění tabákovým kouřem MeSH

The authors investigated the relationship between household environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and prevalence of respiratory symptoms and diseases as well as absenteeism related to respiratory illness in schoolchildren. The study sample consisted of 1,074 children aged 7-11 years from three primary schools in Nis (Serbia). ETS exposure was associated with wheezing (OR-1.48; 1.09-2.01), bronchitis (OR-1.66; 1.23-2.23), headache (OR-1.45; 1.08-1.95), and fatigue (OR-1.38; 1.02-1.85) in exposed children. The other risk factors with possible influences weren't assessed. There was no statistically significant difference in the number of physicians' visits as well as in absenteeism from school due to illness in children exposed to ETS in comparison to non exposed children. The tobacco smoke effect on children is an essential and urgent problem with life lasting negative health effects which are preventable.

• MeSH
• absentérství MeSH
• bydlení statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• návštěvy v ordinaci statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• nemoci dýchací soustavy chemicky indukované   epidemiologie   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• školy statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• znečištění tabákovým kouřem škodlivé účinky   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• znečištění vzduchu ve vnitřním prostředí statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Srbsko epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• znečištění tabákovým kouřem MeSH

BACKGROUND: Social influences are among the most important factors associated with children's and adolescents' smoking. Social norms in families, peer groups, professional and municipal communities influence the individuals ones by the process of socialization obtained mainly by interactions and observations. Especially social context of the home environment expressed by household smoking restriction serves as a socialization mechanism that dissuades from the using of tobacco. Parental anti-smoking socialization practices (their attitudes and knowledge about children smoking, discussion about smoking in appropriate quality and frequency, smoking environment in homes) are influenced by their education and family status. METHODS: Markers of social environment (the level of mothers' and fathers' education, family status) were investigated during interview with 5th graders included in the cohort participating in the programme "Non-smoking Is Normal". Data about the self-reported exposure to passive smoking at homes and cars were taken into consideration. Information about discussions with parents about smoking, opinions about adults smoking, experimentation with smoking, and concurrent decision about smoking in the future were obtained from 766 children aged 11 years. Those who did not know parental education or family status were excluded from the evaluation. Differences were evaluated using the chi-square, Mantel-Haenszel, Fisher and Yates corrected tests in the statistic software Epi Info, version 6. RESULTS: The level of mothers' and fathers' education significantly influenced the exposure of children to passive smoking. Compared to families of higher educated parents, children living in families with middle and low levels of parents' education were significantly more exposed to environmental tobacco smoke at home and in car (RR 1.38; 95% CI 1.04-1.83) and fewer of them live in non-smoking environments. In the whole cohort, 67.5% children have not smoked even one puff yet, 17.2% reported one single attempt, and 15.4% smoked repeatedly. The level of parents' education had no influence on children's concurrent smoking experimentation or on their concurrent decision about smoking in the future. There was also no difference in number of children who obtained cigarettes from their parents and parents' level of education (about 6%). When the level of maternal education was combined with the family status, significant differences were found. Compared to children living with two biological parents (highly educated mother), children from other groups more often reported current experimentating with smoking and lower number of those decided not to smoke in the future. No significant differences were found in other markers of knowledge and attitudes between children from analysed social family groups. CONCLUSION: In our study, the parental education has significantly influenced exposure of children to passive smoking at homes and in cars, but had no effect on children's opinions and attitudes about smoking. Higher education of mothers and family status significantly lowered the frequency of current experimentation and decision about future smoking among children living in families with two biological parents of whom mother attained higher education. It is necessary to seek ways for improving parental concern about smoking prevention.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• kouření epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• rodina * MeSH
• sociální prostředí MeSH
• stupeň vzdělání MeSH
• zdraví - znalosti, postoje, praxe MeSH
• znečištění tabákovým kouřem statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• znečištění tabákovým kouřem MeSH

OBJECTIVES: (a) to examine exposure to ETS in 5 European countries that differ in their tobacco control (TC) activity, (b) to examine attitudes towards TC measures and (c) to relate these results to sociodemographic and smoking related variables. METHODS: population-based, representative sample of n = 3,500 participants age 16-59, in Germany, Greece, Poland, Sweden, UK. RESULTS: most never smokers are exposed to ETS in leisure time (55.74%); chances of being exposed to ETS at home or outside of the home are dependent on sex, smoking status, country, whether there are smokers in the households, what the status of the relationship is (single vs. not single); results differ significantly between countries. CONCLUSION: smoking restrictions are associated with lower levels of actual exposure to ETS. non-smokers want governmental regulation.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kouření epidemiologie   zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• podpora zdraví zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• prevence kouření MeSH
• rozhovory jako téma MeSH
• tabákový průmysl zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• zdraví - znalosti, postoje, praxe * MeSH
• zdravotní politika zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• znečištění tabákovým kouřem zákonodárství a právo   prevence a kontrola   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• znečištění tabákovým kouřem MeSH

Tobacco use prevalence in Europe is characterized by large disparities, with Western nations reporting smoking rates generally below 25%, while Eastern nations have smoking rates usually above 30%. Albania provides a distressing case study for Eastern Europe in which the exposure to the West after the fall of the communist regime dramatically increased the availability of Western-type cigarettes, while adoption of counterbalancing tobacco control measures lagged far behind. Results based on the representative Albanian Adult Tobacco Survey (AATS) conducted in 2007 suggest that smoking is a major problem, with a 64% smoking prevalence among Albanian men. It is becoming an increasingly greater concern among women, whose smoking prevalence more than doubled since 1990, reaching 19% in 2007. Young women living in urban areas are particularly susceptible to tobacco use; about one-third of them reported that they smoke. About 85% of current smokers smoke daily and with very high intensity, which further increases their risk of dying of smoking-attributable diseases. Smoking and secondhand exposure kill about 3,800 Albanians per year, about one-fifth of all deaths in the country. In addition, tobacco use imposes opportunity costs on Albanian households, which spent $358.6 million on cigarettes in 2007, or about 6% of the gross domestic product (GDP). To reduce the health and economic burden caused by tobacco use, the Albanian government should implement and enforce evidence-based tobacco control policies such increasing cigarette taxes; promoting cessation, particularly via the health care system; and enacting stricter clean indoor air laws.

• MeSH
• charakteristiky rodiny MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kouření škodlivé účinky   epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• městské obyvatelstvo MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• odvykání kouření statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• poruchy vyvolané užíváním tabáku komplikace   epidemiologie   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• riskování * MeSH
• řízení společenských procesů MeSH
• rozložení podle pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• sociální problémy MeSH
• věkové rozložení MeSH
• venkovské obyvatelstvo MeSH
• zdraví - znalosti, postoje, praxe MeSH
• zdravotnické přehledy * MeSH
• znečištění tabákovým kouřem škodlivé účinky   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Albánie epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• znečištění tabákovým kouřem MeSH

OBJECTIVES: To present data on Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS), Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS), Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. METHODS: A questionnaire survey of a representative sample of 16 918 schoolchildren aged 13-15 years (2002-2003). RESULTS: Exposure to ETS was reported more frequently in public places than in homes and more frequently from current smokers (CS) than from never smokers (NS). ETS in homes was lower in Czech (57.6% in CS, 24.7% in NS) than in other countries (the highest in Poland: 93.0% in CS, 80.9% in NS). ETS in public places was highest in Hungary (96.9% in CS, 89.2% in NS), lowest in Czech (90.1% in CS, 57.3% in NS). Most students considered ETS as harmful and presented positive attitudes towards smoking ban. DISCUSSION: ETS in studied countries, save the Czech Republic, exceeded the global prevalence, while the situation is better than in numerous other Eastern European countries.

• MeSH
• kouření epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• postoj ke zdraví MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• sociální prostředí MeSH
• srovnání kultur * MeSH
• zdravotnické přehledy MeSH
• znečištění tabákovým kouřem škodlivé účinky   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Maďarsko MeSH
• Polsko MeSH
• Slovenská republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• znečištění tabákovým kouřem MeSH

In recent years, tobacco use and its control have become increasingly the focus of attention of policy-makers and researchers due to ill health effects of smoking on both smokers and non-smokers. This paper contributes to a neglected research area by focusing on tobacco use and its regulation in Croatia. In particular, this study uses recent survey information to analyze the tobacco use patterns in Croatia and influence of tobacco campaigns and to compare these patterns to other EU candidate nations and the EU as a whole. Overall the results show that in some aspects of tobacco use and regulation Croatia fares better than other European countries, while in other aspects it is somewhat lagging. For instance, on the positive side, more Croat smokers and ex-smokers were exposed to anti-smoking campaigns than smokers in other countries. However, the effectiveness of such exposure is modest in terms of the percentage of smokers who wanted to quit smoking and the relatively low share of population which claims protection from second-hand smoke. Croatia also has to further strengthen the country's compliance with international tobacco control mandates in terms of enforcement of existing tobacco consumption restrictions. Besides shedding light on the effectiveness of tobacco control policies, the findings of this study have some implications for Croatia's accession to the E.U.

• MeSH
• kouření epidemiologie   zákonodárství a právo   trendy   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• zdraví - znalosti, postoje, praxe MeSH
• zdravotní výchova organizace a řízení   MeSH
• znečištění tabákovým kouřem zákonodárství a právo   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Chorvatsko epidemiologie   MeSH
• Evropa epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• znečištění tabákovým kouřem MeSH

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate how indoor pollution from tobacco and home heating may adversely affect respiratory health in young children. DESIGN: A birth cohort was followed longitudinally for 3 years to determine incidence of lower respiratory illness (LRI). PARTICIPANTS: A total of 452 children born 1994-1996 in two districts in the Czech Republic participated. EVALUATIONS: Indoor combustion exposures were home heating and cooking fuel, mother's smoking during pregnancy, and other adult smokers in the household. Diagnoses of LRI (primarily acute bronchitis) from birth to 3 years of age were abstracted from pediatric records. Questionnaires completed at delivery and at 3-year follow-up provided covariate information. LRI incidence rates were modeled with generalized linear models adjusting for repeated measures and for numerous potential confounders. RESULTS: LRI diagnoses occurred more frequently in children from homes heated by coal [vs. other energy sources or distant furnaces ; rate ratio (RR) = 1.45 ; 95% confidence interval (CI) , 1.07-1.97]. Maternal prenatal smoking and other adult smokers also increased LRI rates (respectively: RR = 1.48 ; 95% CI, 1.10-2.01 ; and RR = 1.29 ; 95% CI, 1.01-1.65) . Cooking fuels (primarily electricity, natural gas, or propane) were not associated with LRI incidence. For children never breast-fed, coal home heating and mother's smoking conferred substantially greater risks: RR = 2.77 (95% CI, 1.45-5.27) and RR = 2.52 (95% CI, 1.31-4.85) , respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal smoking and coal home heating increased risk for LRI in the first 3 years of life, particularly in children not breast-fed. RELEVANCE: Few studies have described effects of coal heating fuel on children's health in a Western country. Breast-feeding may attenuate adverse effects of prenatal and childhood exposures to combustion products.

• MeSH
• bydlení * MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• kouření škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• poruchy dýchání chemicky indukované   epidemiologie   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• uhlí * MeSH
• vytápění škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• znečištění tabákovým kouřem statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• znečištění vzduchu ve vnitřním prostředí statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• uhlí * MeSH
• znečištění tabákovým kouřem MeSH