Nejvíce citovaný článek - PubMed ID 10448219
Damage-sensing nociceptors in the skin provide an indispensable protective function thanks to their specialized ability to detect and transmit hot temperatures that would block or inflict irreversible damage in other mammalian neurons. Here we show that the exceptional capacity of skin C-fiber nociceptors to encode noxiously hot temperatures depends on two tetrodotoxin (TTX)-resistant sodium channel α-subunits: NaV1.8 and NaV1.9. We demonstrate that NaV1.9, which is commonly considered an amplifier of subthreshold depolarizations at 20°C, undergoes a large gain of function when temperatures rise to the pain threshold. We also show that this gain of function renders NaV1.9 capable of generating action potentials with a clear inflection point and positive overshoot. In the skin, heat-resistant nociceptors appear as two distinct types with unique and possibly specialized features: one is blocked by TTX and relies on NaV1.9, and the second type is insensitive to TTX and composed of both NaV1.8 and NaV1.9. Independent of rapidly gated TTX-sensitive NaV channels that form the action potential at pain threshold, NaV1.8 is required in all heat-resistant nociceptors to encode temperatures higher than ∼46°C, whereas NaV1.9 is crucial for shaping the action potential upstroke and keeping the NaV1.8 voltage threshold within reach.
- MeSH
- akční potenciály MeSH
- buněčné linie MeSH
- kůže MeSH
- metoda terčíkového zámku MeSH
- molekulární evoluce MeSH
- myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
- napětově řízený sodíkový kanál typ 10 metabolismus MeSH
- napětově řízený sodíkový kanál typ 11 metabolismus MeSH
- nociceptory metabolismus MeSH
- práh bolesti MeSH
- techniky in vitro MeSH
- vysoká teplota * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- napětově řízený sodíkový kanál typ 10 MeSH
- napětově řízený sodíkový kanál typ 11 MeSH
- Scn10a protein, mouse MeSH Prohlížeč
- Scn11a protein, mouse MeSH Prohlížeč
Ciguatoxins (CTXs) are marine toxins that cause ciguatera fish poisoning, a debilitating disease dominated by sensory and neurological disturbances that include cold allodynia and various painful symptoms as well as long-lasting pruritus. Although CTXs are known as the most potent mammalian sodium channel activator toxins, the etiology of many of its neurosensory symptoms remains unresolved. We recently described that local application of 1 nM Pacific Ciguatoxin-1 (P-CTX-1) into the skin of human subjects induces a long-lasting, painful axon reflex flare and that CTXs are particularly effective in releasing calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP) from nerve terminals. In this study, we used mouse and rat skin preparations and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) to study the molecular mechanism by which P-CTX-1 induces CGRP release. We show that P-CTX-1 induces CGRP release more effectively in mouse as compared to rat skin, exhibiting EC50 concentrations in the low nanomolar range. P-CTX-1-induced CGRP release from skin is dependent on extracellular calcium and sodium, but independent from the activation of various thermosensory transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels. In contrast, lidocaine and tetrodotoxin (TTX) reduce CGRP release by 53-75%, with the remaining fraction involving L-type and T-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC). Using transgenic mice, we revealed that the TTX-resistant voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) NaV1.9, but not NaV1.8 or NaV1.7 alone and the combined activation of the TTX-sensitive VGSC subtypes NaV1.7 and NaV1.1 carry the largest part of the P-CTX-1-caused CGRP release of 42% and 34%, respectively. Given the contribution of CGRP to nociceptive and itch sensing pathways, our findings contribute to a better understanding of sensory symptoms of acute and chronic ciguatera that may help in the identification of potential therapeutics.
- Klíčová slova
- P-CTX-1, TRPA1, TRPC5, TRPM8, TTX, calcitonin-gene related peptide, ciguatera, neurogenic inflammation, neuropathic pain, tetrodotoxin, voltage-gated calcium channels,
- MeSH
- ciguatera metabolismus MeSH
- ciguatoxiny chemie farmakologie MeSH
- ELISA MeSH
- hyperalgezie chemicky indukované MeSH
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lidokain farmakologie MeSH
- membránové potenciály účinky léků MeSH
- mořské toxiny farmakologie MeSH
- myši transgenní MeSH
- myši MeSH
- napětím řízený sodíkový kanál, typ 1 účinky léků MeSH
- napětově řízený sodíkový kanál typ 11 účinky léků MeSH
- napěťově řízený sodíkový kanál, typ 9 účinky léků MeSH
- peptid spojený s genem pro kalcitonin účinky léků MeSH
- receptory peptidu se vztahem ke genu kalcitoninu účinky léků MeSH
- tetrodotoxin farmakologie MeSH
- vápník metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- CALCA protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
- ciguatoxiny MeSH
- lidokain MeSH
- mořské toxiny MeSH
- napětím řízený sodíkový kanál, typ 1 MeSH
- napětově řízený sodíkový kanál typ 11 MeSH
- napěťově řízený sodíkový kanál, typ 9 MeSH
- peptid spojený s genem pro kalcitonin MeSH
- receptory peptidu se vztahem ke genu kalcitoninu MeSH
- tetrodotoxin MeSH
- vápník MeSH