To evaluate the potential of using the enzymes from spent mushroom compost (SMC) as an industrial enzyme, the production of alpha-amylase, cellulase, beta-glucosidase, laccase, and xylanase was determined from the SMC of four edible mushroom species (Pleurotus ostreatus, Lentinula edodes, Flammulina velutipes and Hericium erinaceum). Among the tested SMC, the SMC of L. edodes showed the highest enzyme activity in alpha-amylase (229 nkat/g), cellulase (759 nkat/g) and beta-glucosidase (767 nkat/g) in 0.5% Triton X-100, and that of P. ostreatus showed the highest activity in laccase (1452 nkat/g) in phosphate-buffered 0.2% Triton X-100. The highest xylanase activity (119 nkat/g) was found in the SMC of F. velutipes.

• MeSH
• alpha-Amylases isolation & purification   metabolism   MeSH
• Basidiomycota classification   enzymology   metabolism   MeSH
• beta-Glucosidase isolation & purification   metabolism   MeSH
• Biodegradation, Environmental MeSH
• Cellulase isolation & purification   metabolism   MeSH
• Endo-1,4-beta Xylanases isolation & purification   metabolism   MeSH
• Shiitake Mushrooms enzymology   MeSH
• Hydrolases isolation & purification   metabolism   MeSH
• Laccase isolation & purification   metabolism   MeSH
• Pleurotus enzymology   MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• alpha-Amylases MeSH
• beta-Glucosidase MeSH
• Cellulase MeSH
• Endo-1,4-beta Xylanases MeSH
• Hydrolases MeSH
• Laccase MeSH

The potential use of fungal pellets for decolorization of the textile dyeing wastewater was evaluated. The live pellets of the fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium were found to remove more than 95% of the color of this wastewater within 1 d. The dye-removal capacity was a function of time and was proportional to the agitation rate; the optimum temperature was 30 degrees C. Both live and dead pellets were further examined in a repeated-batch mode for 5 d. The decolorization performance of live pellets remained high and stable for 5 d and they showed twice to thrice higher decolorization capacity than dead pellets.

• MeSH
• Biodegradation, Environmental MeSH
• Water Pollutants, Chemical metabolism   MeSH
• Indoles metabolism   MeSH
• Phanerochaete metabolism   MeSH
• Textile Industry methods   MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Water Pollutants, Chemical MeSH
• indirubin MeSH Browser
• Indoles MeSH

Molasses wastewater (vinasse; the by-product of distillation of fermented sugar) was decolorized and its chemical oxygen demand (COD) was reduced in static cultivation using the fungi Coriolus versicolor, Funalia trogii, Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Pleurotus pulmonarius ('Pleurotus sajorcaju'). The effect of cotton stalk on decolorizing and COD removing capability of four fungi was determined. In the entire concentration range tested (10-30%), wastewater was effectively decolorized by C. versicolor and F. trogii. Cotton stalk addition stimulated the decolorization activity of all fungi. The utilization of cotton stalk represents several advantages due to its function as an attachment place and as a source of nutrients; its use also reduces process costs.

• MeSH
• Color MeSH
• Biodegradation, Environmental * MeSH
• Fermentation MeSH
• Fungi metabolism   MeSH
• Molasses * MeSH
• Water Microbiology MeSH
• Waste Disposal, Fluid MeSH
• Pleurotus metabolism   MeSH
• Polyporales metabolism   MeSH
• Industrial Waste * MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Industrial Waste * MeSH

The production of manganese-dependent peroxidase (MnP) by Phanerochaete chrysosporium in a new solid-state bioreactor, the immersion bioreactor, operating with lignocellulosic waste, such as wood shavings, was investigated. Maximum MnP and lignin peroxidase (LiP) activity of 13.4 and 8.48 mukat/L were obtained, respectively. The in vitro decolorization of several synthetic dyes by the extracellular liquid produced in the above-mentioned bioreactor (containing mainly MnP) was carried out and its degrading ability was assessed. The highest decolorization was reached with Indigo Carmine (98%) followed by Bromophenol Blue (56%) and Methyl Orange (36%), whereas Gentian Violet was hardly decolorized (6%).

• MeSH
• Color MeSH
• Coloring Agents metabolism   MeSH
• Biodegradation, Environmental MeSH
• Bioreactors * MeSH
• Wood MeSH
• Culture Media MeSH
• Peroxidases biosynthesis   metabolism   MeSH
• Phanerochaete enzymology   growth & development   MeSH
• Spectrophotometry MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Coloring Agents MeSH
• Culture Media MeSH
• lignin peroxidase MeSH Browser
• manganese peroxidase MeSH Browser
• Peroxidases MeSH

The production of laccase in liquid cultures of the white-rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus was highly variable. During the first days of cultivation, the relative variability was as high as 80-100% and it decreased to 30% in the course of cultivation. The main source of variability was assumed to be the independent development of enzyme activity in individual cultures. Cultures with high laccase production showed also high production of the other ligninolytic enzyme--Mn-dependent peroxidase. The variability was probably due to the source of inoculum, deactivation of the enzyme in culture liquid and genetic variations among the cultures. Variability of laccase activities was lower during solid-state fermentation on wheat straw and during the growth in nonsterile soil.

• MeSH
• Fermentation MeSH
• Culture Media MeSH
• Laccase MeSH
• Mycology methods   MeSH
• Oxidoreductases biosynthesis   metabolism   MeSH
• Pleurotus enzymology   growth & development   MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Culture Media MeSH
• Laccase MeSH
• Oxidoreductases MeSH

The ability to decolorize four synthetic dyes (Phenol Red, Evans Blue, Eosin Yellowish and Poly B411) in five Pleurotus ostreatus strains (a parental strain and four isolates derived from it) was determined. Two of the isolates had markedly higher and other two substantially lower production of ligninolytic enzymes and hydrogen peroxide than the parental strain. Like the parental strain, the higher-producing isolates were able to decolorize all the tested dyes, but not to a higher extent than the parental strain. In contrast, two lower-producing isolates exhibited slow decolorization, which was incomplete even at the end of cultivation. Evans Blue and Eosin Yellowish strongly suppressed the growth of the strains, while Phenol Red and Poly B411 induced none or only a very slight growth reduction.

• MeSH
• Color MeSH
• Coloring Agents metabolism   MeSH
• Laccase MeSH
• Oxidoreductases metabolism   MeSH
• Hydrogen Peroxide metabolism   MeSH
• Peroxidases metabolism   MeSH
• Pleurotus chemistry   enzymology   metabolism   MeSH
• Textile Industry MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Coloring Agents MeSH
• Laccase MeSH
• manganese peroxidase MeSH Browser
• Oxidoreductases MeSH
• Hydrogen Peroxide MeSH
• Peroxidases MeSH

Neem hull waste (containing a high amount of lignin and other phenolic compounds) was used for lignin peroxidase production by Phanerochaete chrysosporum under solid-state fermentation conditions. Maximum decolorization achieved by partially purified lignin peroxidase was 80% for Porocion Brilliant Blue HGR, 83 for Ranocid Fast Blue, 70 for Acid Red 119 and 61 for Navidol Fast Black MSRL. The effects of different concentrations of veratryl alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, enzyme and dye on the efficiency of decolorization have been investigated. Maximum decolorization efficiency was observed at 0.2 and 0.4 mmol/L hydrogen peroxide, 2.5 mmol/L veratryl alcohol and pH 5.0 after a 1-h reaction, using 50 ppm of dyes and 9.96 mkat/L of enzyme.

• MeSH
• Azadirachta MeSH
• Color MeSH
• Coloring Agents metabolism   MeSH
• Benzyl Alcohols metabolism   MeSH
• Biodegradation, Environmental MeSH
• Bioreactors MeSH
• Hydrogen-Ion Concentration MeSH
• Culture Media MeSH
• Lignin metabolism   MeSH
• Peroxidases metabolism   MeSH
• Phanerochaete enzymology   MeSH
• Substrate Specificity MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Coloring Agents MeSH
• Benzyl Alcohols MeSH
• Culture Media MeSH
• lignin peroxidase MeSH Browser
• Lignin MeSH
• manganese peroxidase MeSH Browser
• Peroxidases MeSH
• veratryl alcohol MeSH Browser

The ability of a Brazilian strain of Pleurotus pulmonarius to decolorize structurally different synthetic dyes (including azo, triphenylmethane, heterocyclic and polymeric dyes) was investigated in solid and submerged cultures. Both were able to decolorize completely or partially 8 of 10 dyes (Amido Black, Congo Red, Trypan Blue, Methyl Green, Remazol Brilliant Blue R, Methyl Violet, Ethyl Violet, Brilliant Cresyl Blue). No decolorization of Methylene Blue and Poly R 478 was observed. Of the four phenol-oxidizing enzymes tested in culture filtrates (lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, aryl alcohol oxidase, laccase), P. pulmonarius produced only laccase. Both laccase activity and dye decolorization were related to glucose and ammonium starvation or to induction by ferulic acid. The decolorization in vivo was tested using three dyes--Remazol Brilliant Blue R, Trypan Blue and Methyl Green. All of them were completely decolorized by crude extracellular extracts. Decolorization and laccase activity were equally affected by pH and temperature. Laccase can thus be considered to be the major enzyme involved in the ability of P. pulmonarius to decolorize industrial dyes.

• MeSH
• Coloring Agents metabolism   MeSH
• Fermentation MeSH
• Laccase MeSH
• Oxidoreductases biosynthesis   metabolism   MeSH
• Pleurotus enzymology   metabolism   MeSH
• Industrial Microbiology * MeSH
• Monophenol Monooxygenase biosynthesis   metabolism   MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Geographicals
• Brazil MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Coloring Agents MeSH
• Laccase MeSH
• Oxidoreductases MeSH
• Monophenol Monooxygenase MeSH

Out of a number of white-rot fungal cultures, strains of Irpex lacteus and Pleurotus ostreatus were selected for degradation of 7 three- and four-ring unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in two contaminated industrial soils. Respective data for removal of PAH in the two industrial soils by I. lacteus were: fluorene (41 and 67%), phenanthrene (20 and 56%), anthracene (29 and 49%), fluoranthene (29 and 57%), pyrene (24 and 42%), chrysene (16 and 32%) and benzo[a]anthracene (13 and 20%). In the same two industrial soils P. ostreatus degraded the PAH with respective removal figures of fluorene (26 and 35%), phenanthrene (0 and 20%), anthracene (19 and 53%), fluoranthene (29 and 31%), pyrene (22 and 42%), chrysene (0 and 42%) and benzo[a]anthracene (0 and 13%). The degradation of PAH was determined against concentration of PAH in non-treated contaminated soils after 14 weeks of incubation. The fungal degradation of PAH in soil was studied simultaneously with ecotoxicity evaluation of fungal treated and non-treated contaminated soils. Compared to non-treated contaminated soil, fungus-treated soil samples indicated decrease in inhibition of bioluminescence in luminescent bacteria (Vibrio fischerii) and increase in germinated mustard (Brassica alba) seeds.

• MeSH
• Biodegradation, Environmental * MeSH
• Fungi enzymology   metabolism   MeSH
• Soil Pollutants metabolism   MeSH
• Pleurotus enzymology   metabolism   MeSH
• Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons chemistry   metabolism   MeSH
• Soil Microbiology MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Soil Pollutants MeSH
• Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons MeSH

Laccase activity in Trichoderma harzianum and in our own isolate Trichoderma atroviride was correlated with the production of the green pigment in conidial spores. The laccases of the two fungal species exhibit comparable kinetic parameters, pH optima and thermal sensitivity but differed in physiological properties, such as their catalytic activity during growth.

• MeSH
• Kinetics MeSH
• Hydrogen-Ion Concentration MeSH
• Laccase MeSH
• Oxidoreductases chemistry   metabolism   MeSH
• Spores, Fungal enzymology   growth & development   MeSH
• Temperature MeSH
• Trichoderma enzymology   growth & development   MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Laccase MeSH
• Oxidoreductases MeSH