Overcoming the skin barrier properties efficiently, temporarily, and safely for successful transdermal drug delivery remains a challenge. We synthesized three series of potential skin permeation enhancers derived from natural amino acid derivatives proline, 4-hydroxyproline, and pyrrolidone carboxylic acid, which is a component of natural moisturizing factor. Permeation studies using in vitro human skin identified dodecyl prolinates with N-acetyl, propionyl, and butyryl chains (Pro2, Pro3, and Pro4, respectively) as potent enhancers for model drugs theophylline and diclofenac. The proline derivatives were generally more active than 4-hydroxyprolines and pyrrolidone carboxylic acid derivatives. Pro2-4 had acceptable in vitro toxicities on 3T3 fibroblast and HaCaT cell lines with IC50 values in tens of µM. Infrared spectroscopy using the human stratum corneum revealed that these enhancers preferentially interacted with the skin barrier lipids and decreased the overall chain order without causing lipid extraction, while their effects on the stratum corneum protein structures were negligible. The impacts of Pro3 and Pro4 on an in vitro transepidermal water loss and skin electrical impedance were fully reversible. Thus, proline derivatives Pro3 and Pro4 have an advantageous combination of high enhancing potency, low cellular toxicity, and reversible action, which is important for their potential in vivo use as the skin barrier would quickly recover after the drug/enhancer administration is terminated.

• MeSH
• aplikace kožní MeSH
• hydroxyprolin metabolismus   MeSH
• kožní absorpce * MeSH
• kůže metabolismus   MeSH
• kyseliny karboxylové metabolismus   MeSH
• léčivé přípravky metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• organické látky metabolismus   MeSH
• permeabilita MeSH
• prolin * metabolismus   MeSH
• pyrrolidinony farmakologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• hydroxyprolin MeSH
• kyseliny karboxylové MeSH
• léčivé přípravky MeSH
• organické látky MeSH
• prolin * MeSH
• pyrrolidinony MeSH

Skin penetration/permeation enhancers are compounds that improve (trans)dermal drug delivery. We designed hybrid terpene-amino acid enhancers by conjugating natural terpenes (citronellol, geraniol, nerol, farnesol, linalool, perillyl alcohol, menthol, borneol, carveol) or cinnamyl alcohol with 6-(dimethylamino)hexanoic acid through a biodegradable ester linker. The compounds were screened for their ability to increase the delivery of theophylline and hydrocortisone through and into human skin ex vivo. The citronellyl, bornyl and cinnamyl esters showed exceptional permeation-enhancing properties (enhancement ratios up to 82) while having low cellular toxicities. The barrier function of enhancer-treated skin (assessed by transepidermal water loss and electrical impedance) recovered within 24 h. Infrared spectroscopy suggested that these esters fluidized the stratum corneum lipids. Furthermore, the citronellyl ester increased the epidermal concentration of topically applied cidofovir, which is a potent antiviral and anticancer drug, by 15-fold. In conclusion, citronellyl 6-(dimethylamino)hexanoate is an outstanding enhancer with an advantageous combination of properties, which may improve the delivery of drugs that have a limited ability to cross biological barriers.

• MeSH
• alkoholy chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• aplikace kožní MeSH
• buňky 3T3 MeSH
• chemie farmaceutická MeSH
• cidofovir aplikace a dávkování   chemie   farmakokinetika   MeSH
• epidermis účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• estery chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• farmaceutické pomocné látky chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• hydrokortison aplikace a dávkování   chemie   farmakokinetika   MeSH
• keratinocyty MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metabolismus lipidů účinky léků   MeSH
• monoterpeny chemie   MeSH
• myši MeSH
• permeabilita účinky léků   MeSH
• perspiratio insensibilis účinky léků   MeSH
• příprava léků metody   MeSH
• terpeny chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• testy akutní toxicity MeSH
• theofylin aplikace a dávkování   chemie   farmakokinetika   MeSH
• vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• alkoholy MeSH
• cidofovir MeSH
• estery MeSH
• farmaceutické pomocné látky MeSH
• hydrokortison MeSH
• monoterpeny MeSH
• perillyl alcohol MeSH Prohlížeč
• terpeny MeSH
• theofylin MeSH

PURPOSE: To study new skin penetration/permeation enhancers based on amphiphilic galactose derivatives. METHODS: Two series of alkyl and alkenyl galactosides were synthesized and evaluated for their enhancing effect on transdermal/topical delivery of theophylline (TH), hydrocortisone (HC) and cidofovir (CDV), reversibility of their effects on transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin impedance, interaction with the stratum corneum using infrared spectroscopy, and cytotoxicity on keratinocytes and fibroblasts. RESULTS: Initial evaluation identified 1-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)-(2E)-pentadec-2-ene A15 as a highly potent enhancer - it increased TH and HC flux through human skin 8.5 and 5 times, respectively. Compound A15 increased the epidermal concentration of a potent antiviral CDV 7 times over that reached by control and Span 20 (an established sugar-based enhancer). Infrared spectroscopy of human stratum corneum indicated interaction of A15 with skin barrier lipids but not proteins. These effects of A15 on the skin barrier were reversible (both TEWL and skin impedance returned to baseline values within 24 h after A15 had been removed from skin). In vitro toxicity of A15 on HaCaT keratinocytes and 3T3 fibroblasts was acceptable, with IC50 values over 60 μM. CONCLUSIONS: Galactosyl pentadecene A15 is a potent enhancer with low toxicity and reversible action.

• Klíčová slova
• galactoside, penetration enhancers, sugar, topical drug delivery, transdermal drug delivery,
• MeSH
• alkeny aplikace a dávkování   chemie   MeSH
• aplikace kožní MeSH
• cidofovir MeSH
• cytosin aplikace a dávkování   analogy a deriváty   chemie   MeSH
• epidermis metabolismus   MeSH
• fibroblasty účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• galaktosa analogy a deriváty   chemie   MeSH
• galaktosidy aplikace a dávkování   chemie   MeSH
• hydrokortison aplikace a dávkování   chemie   MeSH
• keratinocyty účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• kožní absorpce účinky léků   MeSH
• kůže metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lipidy chemie   MeSH
• organofosfonáty aplikace a dávkování   chemie   MeSH
• permeabilita MeSH
• theofylin aplikace a dávkování   chemie   MeSH
• uvolňování léčiv MeSH
• voda MeSH
• vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• alkeny MeSH
• cidofovir MeSH
• cytosin MeSH
• galaktosa MeSH
• galaktosidy MeSH
• hydrokortison MeSH
• lipidy MeSH
• organofosfonáty MeSH
• theofylin MeSH
• voda MeSH

PURPOSE: Skin permeation/penetration enhancers are substances that enable drug delivery through or into the skin. METHODS: To search for new enhancers with high but reversible activity and acceptable toxicity, we synthesized a series of D-glucose derivatives, both hydrophilic and amphiphilic. RESULTS: Initial evaluation of the ability of these sugar derivatives to increase permeation and penetration of theophylline through/into human skin compared with a control (no enhancer) or sorbitan monolaurate (Span 20; positive control) revealed dodecyl 6-amino-6-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranoside 5 as a promising enhancer. Furthermore, this amino sugar 5 increased epidermal concentration of a highly hydrophilic antiviral cidofovir by a factor of 7. The effect of compound 5 on skin electrical impedance suggested its direct interaction with the skin barrier. Infrared spectroscopy of isolated stratum corneum revealed no effect of enhancer 5 on the stratum corneum proteins but an overall decrease in the lipid chain order. The enhancer showed acceptable toxicity on HaCaT keratinocyte and 3T3 fibroblast cell lines. Finally, transepidermal water loss returned to baseline values after enhancer 5 had been removed from the skin. CONCLUSIONS: Compound 5, a dodecyl amino glucoside, is a promising enhancer that acts through a reversible interaction with the stratum corneum lipids.

• Klíčová slova
• penetration enhancers, sugar, topical drug delivery, transdermal drug delivery,
• MeSH
• antivirové látky aplikace a dávkování   metabolismus   MeSH
• aplikace kožní MeSH
• aplikace lokální MeSH
• buněčné linie MeSH
• chemie farmaceutická MeSH
• cidofovir MeSH
• cytosin aplikace a dávkování   analogy a deriváty   metabolismus   MeSH
• epidermis účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• glukosidy chemická syntéza   farmakologie   MeSH
• hexosy farmakologie   MeSH
• hydrofobní a hydrofilní interakce MeSH
• keratinocyty účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• kožní absorpce MeSH
• kůže účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lipidy fyziologie   MeSH
• organofosfonáty aplikace a dávkování   metabolismus   MeSH
• permeabilita MeSH
• systémy cílené aplikace léků MeSH
• theofylin aplikace a dávkování   metabolismus   MeSH
• viabilita buněk MeSH
• vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antivirové látky MeSH
• cidofovir MeSH
• cytosin MeSH
• glukosidy MeSH
• hexosy MeSH
• lipidy MeSH
• organofosfonáty MeSH
• sorbitan monolaurate MeSH Prohlížeč
• theofylin MeSH

PURPOSE: In this work, we investigate prodrug and enhancer approaches for transdermal and topical delivery of antiviral drugs belonging to the 2,6-diaminopurine acyclic nucleoside phosphonate (ANP) group. Our question was whether we can differentiate between transdermal and topical delivery, i.e., to control the delivery of a given drug towards either systemic absorption or retention in the skin. METHODS: The in vitro transdermal delivery and skin concentrations of seven antivirals, including (R)- and (S)-9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]-2,6-diaminopurine (PMPDAP), (S)-9-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]-2,6-diaminopurine ((S)-HPMPDAP), its 8-aza analog, and their cyclic and hexadecyloxypropyl (HDP) prodrugs, was investigated with and without the penetration enhancer dodecyl-6-(dimethylamino)hexanoate (DDAK) using human skin. RESULTS: The ability of ANPs to cross the human skin barrier was very low (0.5-1.4 nmol/cm(2)/h), and the majority of the compounds were found in the stratum corneum, the uppermost skin layer. The combination of antivirals and the penetration enhancer DDAK proved to be a viable approach for transdermal delivery, especially in case of (R)-PMPDAP, an anti-HIV effective drug (30.2 ± 2.3 nmol/cm(2)/h). On the other hand, lysophospholipid-like HDP prodrugs, e.g., HDP-(S)-HPMPDAP, reached high concentrations in viable epidermis without significant systemic absorption. CONCLUSIONS: By using penetration enhancers or lysolipid prodrugs, it is possible to effectively target systemic diseases by the transdermal route or to target cutaneous pathologies by topical delivery.

• MeSH
• 2-aminopurin aplikace a dávkování   analogy a deriváty   chemie   MeSH
• antivirové látky aplikace a dávkování   chemie   MeSH
• aplikace kožní MeSH
• kožní absorpce účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• liposomy MeSH
• orgánové kultury - kultivační techniky MeSH
• prekurzory léčiv aplikace a dávkování   chemie   MeSH
• systémy cílené aplikace léků metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 2-aminopurin MeSH
• 2,6-diaminopurine MeSH Prohlížeč
• antivirové látky MeSH
• liposomy MeSH
• prekurzory léčiv MeSH

PURPOSE: Acyclic nucleoside phosphonates possess unique antiviral and antineoplastic activities; however, their polar phosphonate moiety is associated with low ability to cross biological membranes. We explored the potential of transdermal and topical delivery of 2,6-diaminopurine derivative cPr-PMEDAP. METHODS: In vitro diffusion of cPr-PMEDAP was investigated using formulations at different pH and concentration and with permeation enhancer through porcine and human skin. RESULTS: Ability of 0.1-5% cPr-PMEDAP to cross human skin barrier was very low with flux values ~40 ng/cm(2)/h, the majority of compound found in the stratum corneum. The highest permeation rates were found at pH 6; increased donor concentration had no influence. The permeation enhancer dodecyl 6-dimethylaminohexanoate (DDAK, 1%) increased flux of cPr-PMEDAP (up to 61 times) and its concentration in nucleated epidermis (up to ~0.5 mg of cPr-PMEDAP/g of the tissue). No deamination of cPr-PMEDAP into PMEG occurred during permeation studies, but N-dealkylation into PMEDAP mediated by skin microflora was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Transdermal or topical application of cPr-PMEDAP enabled by the permeation enhancer DDAK may provide an attractive alternative route of administration of this potent antitumor and antiviral compound.

• MeSH
• adenin aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• antitumorózní látky aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• antivirové látky aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• aplikace kožní MeSH
• dimethylaminy MeSH
• dodekanol MeSH
• kapronáty metabolismus   MeSH
• koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
• kůže metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• methylaminy metabolismus   MeSH
• organofosfonáty aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• permeabilita MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• adenin MeSH
• antitumorózní látky MeSH
• antivirové látky MeSH
• dimethylaminy MeSH
• dodecyl 6-(dimethylamino)hexanoate MeSH Prohlížeč
• dodekanol MeSH
• kapronáty MeSH
• methylaminy MeSH
• N(6)-cyclopropyl-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)-2,6-diaminopurine MeSH Prohlížeč
• organofosfonáty MeSH