From the early days of philosophy, ethics and justice, there is wide consensus that the constancy of the laws establishes the legal system. On the other hand, the rate at which we accumulate knowledge is gaining speed like never before. Due to the recently increased attention of academics to climate change and other environmental issues, a lot of new knowledge has been obtained about carbon management, its role in nature and mechanisms regarding the formation and degradation of organic matter. A multidisciplinary techno-economic assessment of current composting standards and laws that took into account the current state of knowledge about carbon management was carried out as a case study. Economic and environmental damage caused by outdated laws was revealed. In addition, it was found that the introduction of the best composts into the market is permitted, causing additional negative environmental as well as economic impacts.

• Keywords
• Business environment, Entrepreneurship, Legislation, Products quality,
• MeSH
• Climate Change MeSH
• Composting economics   ethics   legislation & jurisprudence   standards   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Morals * MeSH
• Commerce * ethics   legislation & jurisprudence   MeSH
• Fertilizers economics   standards   MeSH
• Soil chemistry   MeSH
• Social Responsibility MeSH
• Carbon * MeSH
• Environment * MeSH
• Knowledge MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Fertilizers MeSH
• Soil MeSH
• Carbon * MeSH

This paper focuses on compost use in overpasses and underpasses for wild animals over roads and other similar linear structures. In this context, good quality of compost may result in faster and more resistant vegetation cover during the year. Inter alia, this can be interpreted also as reduction of damage and saving lives. There are millions of tones of plant residue produced every day worldwide. These represent prospective business for manufacturers of compost additives called "accelerators". The opinions of the sale representatives' with regards to other alternatives of biowaste utilization and their own products were reviewed. The robust analyzes of several "accelerated" composts revealed that the quality was generally low. Only two accelerated composts were somewhat similar in quality to the blank sample that was produced according to the traditional procedure. Overlaps between the interests of decision makers on future soil fertility were weighed against the preferences on short-term profit. Possible causes that allowed the boom of these underperforming products and the possible consequences are also discussed. Conclusions regarding the ethical concerns on how to run businesses with products whose profitability depends on weaknesses in the legal system and customer unawareness are to follow.

• Keywords
• Composting, Ethics, Soil, Vegetation cover, Wildlife passes,
• MeSH
• Biomass MeSH
• Animals, Wild MeSH
• Ecosystem MeSH
• Ethics, Business * MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Commerce ethics   MeSH
• Refuse Disposal MeSH
• Soil * MeSH
• Recycling methods   MeSH
• Plants MeSH
• Agriculture * MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Soil * MeSH

Biochar is a soil-improving substrate made from phytomass pyrolysis. In Southeast Asia, its application decreases due to the long-term growth of biochar cost and thus caused further prolongation of the payback period. In the Euro-American civilization the biochar application is already almost forgotten once it has been much earlier recognized that the crop yields can be increased much faster with higher doses of nutrients and other agrochemicals. The payback period can be expected in decades. Such a long-time investment into soil fertility raises also many ethical questions. The final decision combines issues of social responsibility, risk and other financial indicators as well as personal preferences and more. The attitudes of Western and Central European decision makers in the agriculture business segment were analyzed on the basis of electronic questionnaire survey and a subsequent interview through their local unions. According to the data, most of them did not know about the possibilities of a more environmentally friendly approach to soil enhancement based on the addition of a fertilizer in the form of biochar. Among others, the collected data also shows that the decision makers from Western Europe have a much different ethical approach to the land and financial indicators than the Central Europeans.

• MeSH
• Charcoal economics   MeSH
• Climate Change economics   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Costs and Cost Analysis * MeSH
• Commerce * MeSH
• Fertilizers economics   MeSH
• Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
• Soil chemistry   MeSH
• Agriculture economics   MeSH
• Environment MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Geographicals
• Europe MeSH
• Names of Substances
• biochar MeSH Browser
• Charcoal MeSH
• Fertilizers MeSH
• Soil MeSH

A brief report on the development of novel apparatus is presented. It was verified in a commercial scale that a new concept of anaerobic fermentation followed by continuous pyrolysis is technically and economically feasible to manage previously enzymatically hydrolyzed waste haylage in huge volumes. The design of the concept is thoroughly described, documented in figures, and biochemically analyzed in detail. Assessment of the concept shows that subsequent pyrolysis of the anaerobically fermented residue allows among biogas to produce also high-quality biochar. This significantly improves the overall economy. In addition, it may be assumed that this applied research is consistent with previous theoretical assumptions stating that any kind of aerobic or anaerobic fermentation increases the microporosity of the biochar obtained.

• MeSH
• Bacteria, Anaerobic physiology   MeSH
• Biofuels MeSH
• Bioreactors MeSH
• Charcoal MeSH
• Fermentation MeSH
• Poaceae * MeSH
• Waste Management economics   instrumentation   MeSH
• Facility Design and Construction MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Names of Substances
• biochar MeSH Browser
• Biofuels MeSH
• Charcoal MeSH