Prostate cancer is a very common disease, which is, unfortunately, often the cause of many male deaths. This is underlined by the fact that the early stages of prostate cancer are often asymptomatic. Therefore, the disease is usually detected and diagnosed at late advanced or even metastasized stages, which are already difficult to treat. Hence, it is important to pursue research and development not only in terms of novel diagnostic methods but also of therapeutic ones, as well as to increase the effectiveness of the treatment by combinational medicinal approach. Therefore, in this review article, we focus on recent approaches and novel potential tools for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer; these include not only androgen deprivation therapy, antiandrogen therapy, photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, immunotherapy, multimodal therapy, but also poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, Akt and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors.

• Keywords
• advanced prostate cancer treatment, androgen deprivation therapy, antiandrogen therapy, cancer diagnostics, immunotherapy, multimodal therapy, photodynamic therapy, phototherapy, specific drug targeting,
• MeSH
• Phototherapy MeSH
• Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal chemistry   pharmacology   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Immunotherapy MeSH
• Clinical Trials as Topic MeSH
• Combined Modality Therapy MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Prostatic Neoplasms drug therapy   immunology   therapy   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal MeSH

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to identify the incidence trends of primary and secondary peritoneal surface malignancies in a representative Czech population. METHODS: Data were obtained from patients registered in the Czech National Cancer Registry between 1979 and 2016. The incidence rates were analyzed between 2012 and 2016. To observe the incidence trends, we analyzed the data from two time periods, 1979-2005 and 2006-2016. The analyzed data included age, sex, and the histological types and primary origins of the malignancies. The Cochrane-Armitage test for linear trends was used for verification of the null hypothesis. The significance level established for hypothesis testing was p = 0.05. RESULTS: Between 2012 and 2016, 230 patients with primary peritoneal tumors were identified and divided into the following groups according to their "International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th revision" codes: malignant neoplasm of specified parts of the peritoneum (C48.1); malignant neoplasm of the peritoneum, unspecified (C48.2); and malignant neoplasm of overlapping sites of the retroperitoneum and peritoneum (C48.8). Moreover, 549 primary tumors of the appendix (C18.1, encompassing all appendiceal malignancies) and 3137 secondary synchronous peritoneal carcinomatoses of other primary origins were documented. The age-adjusted incidence of primary peritoneal tumors in 2012-2016 was 4.36/year/1,000,000 inhabitants. The age-adjusted incidence of synchronous secondary peritoneal malignancies in 2014-2016 was 99.0/year/1,000,000 inhabitants. The diagnoses of primary peritoneal malignancies followed a stable trend between 1979 and 2016. However, the incidences of primary tumors of the appendix increased by 76.7%. CONCLUSIONS: The data produced in our study ought to clarify the status of peritoneal surface malignancies in the Czech Republic, which can lead to improved planning and development of therapeutic interventions as well as physician training.

• Keywords
• Incidence, Intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemotherapy, Peritoneal malignancies,
• MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Incidence MeSH
• Infant MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Neoplasms, Multiple Primary epidemiology   pathology   MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Peritoneal Neoplasms epidemiology   pathology   secondary   MeSH
• Peritoneum pathology   MeSH
• Child, Preschool MeSH
• Registries statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Retrospective Studies MeSH
• Aged, 80 and over MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Sex Factors MeSH
• Age Factors MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Infant MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Child, Preschool MeSH
• Aged, 80 and over MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Geographicals
• Czech Republic epidemiology   MeSH

With the advent of immunotherapy the topic of biomarkers of immune response is of high interest. Along with the expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) or tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), biomarkers of macrophage activation could be of interest. Neopterin is a biomarker of immune activation increased in different disorders associated with immune activation, including cancer. Neopterin synthesis is induced by interferon-γ that also induces indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme catalyzing catabolism of tryptophan to kynurenine. Increased urinary or serum concentrations of neopterin have been associated with poor prognosis across a spectrum of malignant disorders of different primary location. Neopterin concentration in peripheral blood as well as in the tumor microenvironment correlates with phenotypic and functional changes of lymphocytes, indicating immune dysfunction. Increased neopterin concentrations are also accompanied by increased rate of conversion of tryptophan to kynurenine. Increasing neopterin concentrations also accompany side effects of anticancer treatment and could predict subsequent complications. Although almost four decades have elapsed since the discovery of increased neopterin concentrations in cancer patients, the full potential of neopterin as a biomarker in this setting has not been so far realized.

• Keywords
• Kynurenine, neopterin, tryptophan,
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH