Staphylococcus aureus is a serious threat to public health. S. aureus infection can cause acute or long-term persistent infections that are often resistant to antibiotics and are associated with high morbidity and death. Understanding the defensive systems of S. aureus can help clinicians make the best use of antimicrobial drugs and can also help with antimicrobial stewardship. The mechanisms and clinical implications of S. aureus defense systems, as well as potential response systems, were discussed in this study. Because resistance to all currently available antibiotics is unavoidable, new medicines are always being developed. Alternative techniques, such as anti-virulence and bacteriophage therapies, are being researched and may become major tools in the fight against staphylococcal infections in the future, in addition to the development of new small compounds that affect cell viability.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• methicilin rezistentní Staphylococcus aureus * MeSH
• stafylokokové infekce * farmakoterapie   MeSH
• Staphylococcus aureus MeSH
• virulence MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH

Candida spp. is able to form a biofilm, which is considered resistant to the majority of antifungals used in medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of micafungin against Candida spp. biofilms at different stages of their maturation (2, 6, and 24 h). We assessed the inhibitory effect of micafungin against 78 clinical isolates of Candida spp., growing as planktonic or sessile cells, by widely recommended broth microdilution method. The in vitro effect on sessile cells viability was evaluated by colorimetric reduction assay. All examined strains were susceptible or intermediate to micafungin when growing as planktonic cells. At the early stages of biofilm maturation, from 11 (39.3%) to 20 (100%), tested strains, depending on the species, exhibited sessile minimal inhibitory concentrations (SMICs) of micafungin at ≤ 2 mg/L. For 24-h-old Candida spp. biofilms, from 3 (10.7%) to 20 (100%) of the tested strains displayed SMICs of micafungin at ≤ 2 mg/L. Our findings confirm that micafungin exhibits high potential anti-Candida-biofilm activity. However, this effect does not comprise all Candida species and strains. All strains were susceptible or intermediate to micafungin when growing as planktonic cells, but for biofilms, micafungin displays species- and strain-specific activity. Paradoxical growth of C. albicans and C. parapsilosis was observed. Antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida spp. biofilms would be the best solution, but to date, no reference method is available. The strongest antibiofilm activity of micafungin is observed at early stages of biofilm formation. Possibly, micafungin could be considered as an effective agent for prevention of biofilm-associated candidiasis, especially catheter-related candidaemia.

• Klíčová slova
• Antifungal drugs, Candidiasis, Echinocandin, Paradoxical growth, Sessile cells,
• MeSH
• antifungální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• biofilmy účinky léků   MeSH
• Candida albicans účinky léků   růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• Candida glabrata účinky léků   růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• Candida parapsilosis účinky léků   růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• echinokandiny farmakologie   MeSH
• kandidóza mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lipopeptidy farmakologie   MeSH
• micafungin MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antifungální látky MeSH
• echinokandiny MeSH
• lipopeptidy MeSH
• micafungin MeSH

Clinical treatment of the infections caused by various staphylococcal species differ depending on the actual cause of infection. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a fast and reliable method for identification of staphylococci. Raman spectroscopy is an optical method used in multiple scientific fields. Recent studies showed that the method has a potential for use in microbiological research, too. Our work here shows a possibility to identify staphylococci by Raman spectroscopy. We present a method that enables almost 100% successful identification of 16 of the clinically most important staphylococcal species directly from bacterial colonies grown on a Mueller-Hinton agar plate. We obtained characteristic Raman spectra of 277 staphylococcal strains belonging to 16 species from a 24-hour culture of each strain grown on the Mueller-Hinton agar plate using the Raman instrument. The results show that it is possible to distinguish among the tested species using Raman spectroscopy and therefore it has a great potential for use in routine clinical diagnostics.

• MeSH
• agar MeSH
• analýza hlavních komponent MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• diagnostické testy rutinní MeSH
• fluorescence MeSH
• odběr biologického vzorku MeSH
• Ramanova spektroskopie metody   MeSH
• Staphylococcus izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• agar MeSH

Limited treatment options in infectious diseases caused by resistant microorganisms created the need to search new approaches. Several herbal extracts are studied for their enormous therapeutic potential. Silymarin extract, from Silybum marianum (milk thistle), is an old and a new remedy for this goal. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the antibacterial and antiadherent effects of silymarin besides biofilm viability activity on standard bacterial strains. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC), antiadherent/antibiofilm activity, and effects on biofilm viability of silymarin were evaluated against standard bacterial strains. MIC values were observed between 60 and >241 μg/mL (0.25->1 mmol/L). Gram-positive bacteria were inhibited at concentrations between 60 and 120 μg/mL. Gram-negative bacteria were not inhibited by the silymarin concentrations included in this study. MBC values for Gram-positive bacteria were greater than 241 μg/mL. Adherence/biofilm formations were decreased to 15 μg/mL silymarin concentration when compared with silymarin-untreated group. Silymarin reduced the biofilm viabilities to 13 and 46 % at 1 and 0.5 mmol/L concentrations, respectively. We demonstrated that silymarin shows antibacterial and antiadherent/antibiofilm activity against certain standard bacterial strains which may be beneficial when used as a dietary supplement or a drug.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• bakteriální adheze účinky léků   MeSH
• biofilmy účinky léků   MeSH
• gramnegativní bakterie účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• grampozitivní bakterie účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• mikrobiální viabilita účinky léků   MeSH
• ostropestřec mariánský chemie   MeSH
• silymarin izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• silymarin MeSH