Nutritional support is associated with improved clinical outcomes in critically ill patients; however, loss of muscle mass during critical illness leads to weakness, delayed return to work, and increased healthcare consumption. Animal data have suggested that intermittent feeding decreases protein catabolism. This study was aimed at determining whether the mode of enteral nutrition administration might lead to differences in meeting nutritional goals, tolerance, and complications. A prospective, randomized, single-center clinical trial was conducted in four intensive care units in the Czech Republic. Critically ill adult patients with high nutritional risk were randomized to continuous or intermittent enteral nutrition administration through a tolerance-driven protocol. The primary outcome was the time to reach the energetic target. Secondary outcomes included assessment of tolerance (high gastric residual volume, vomitus, and diarrhea), complications (aspiration or ventilator-associated pneumonia), and 28-day mortality. A total of 300 patients were randomized, and 294 were analyzed: 148 in the continuous arm and 146 in the intermittent arm. Regarding the primary outcome, log-rank test indicated that the intermittent group, compared with continuous group, had a statistically significantly shorter time (p = 0.009) and greater diarrhea occurrence (7 (4.7%) vs. 16 (11%), p = 0.049). No statistically significant differences in ventilator-associated pneumonia incidence (18 (12.2%) vs. 18 (12.3%), p = 0.965), 28-day mortality (46 (31.1%) vs. 40 (27.4%), p = 0.488), and other secondary outcomes were observed between groups. Thus, intermittent enteral nutrition was superior to continuous enteral nutrition in terms of time to reach the energetic target with the tolerance-driven administration protocol but was associated with higher diarrhea incidence. No statistically significant differences in the other secondary outcomes were observed.

• Klíčová slova
• Critical care, Diarrhea, Enteral nutrition, Gastric residual volume, Intensive care unit, Ventilator-associated pneumonia,
• MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• enterální výživa * metody   MeSH
• jednotky intenzivní péče * MeSH
• kritický stav * terapie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nutriční stav MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) plays two important roles in humans-one central and the other peripheral-depending on the location of the 5-HT pools of on either side of the blood-brain barrier. In the central nervous system it acts as a neurotransmitter, controlling such brain functions as autonomic neural activity, stress response, body temperature, sleep, mood and appetite. This role is very important in intensive care, as in critically ill patients multiple serotoninergic agents like opioids, antiemetics and antidepressants are frequently used. High serotonin levels lead to altered mental status, deliria, rigidity and myoclonus, together recognized as serotonin syndrome. In its role as a peripheral hormone, serotonin is unique in controlling the functions of several organs. In the gastrointestinal tract it is important for regulating motor and secretory functions. Apart from intestinal motility, energy metabolism is regulated by both central and peripheral serotonin signaling. It also has fundamental effects on hemostasis, vascular tone, heart rate, respiratory drive, cell growth and immunity. Serotonin regulates almost all immune cells in response to inflammation, following the activation of platelets.

• Klíčová slova
• critically ill, energy metabolism, immunoregulatory functions, intestinal motility, neurotransmitter, peripheral hormone, serotonin, serotonin syndrome,
• MeSH
• centrální nervový systém metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• delirium metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• gastrointestinální motilita fyziologie   MeSH
• gastrointestinální trakt metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• hematoencefalická bariéra metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• kritický stav * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• myoklonus metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• serotonin biosyntéza   metabolismus   MeSH
• serotoninový syndrom metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• zánět metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• serotonin MeSH

BACKGROUND: Enteral nutrition is part of the treatment of critically ill patients. Administration of enteral nutrition may be associated with signs of intolerance, such as high gastric residual volumes, diarrhea, and vomiting. Clinical trials regarding the effects of the mode of administration of enteral nutrition on the occurrence of these complications have yielded conflicting results. This trial aims to investigate whether the mode of administration of enteral nutrition affects the time to reach nutritional targets, intolerance, and complications. METHODS: COINN is a randomized, monocentric study for critically ill adult patients receiving enteral nutrition. Patients will be randomly assigned to two groups receiving (1) continuous or (2) intermittent administration of enteral nutrition. Enhancement of enteral nutrition will depend on signs of tolerance, mainly the gastric residual volume. The primary outcome will be the time to reach the energetic target. Secondary outcomes will be the time to reach the protein target, tolerance, complications, hospital and ICU lengths of stay, and 28-day mortality. DISCUSSION: This trial aims to evaluate whether the mode of application of enteral nutrition affects the time to reach nutritional targets, signs of intolerance, and complications. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03573453. Registered on 29 June 2018.

• Klíčová slova
• Critical care, Diarrhea, Enteral nutrition, Gastric residual volume, Intensive care unit,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• enterální výživa * škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• jednotky intenzivní péče MeSH
• kritický stav * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• průjem MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie jako téma MeSH
• zvracení MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• protokol klinické studie MeSH